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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

vertebrate

A

A vertebrate is a deuterostome, specifically, a chordate, with a cranium, a vertebral column, an endoskeleton, and neural crest cells.

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2
Q

five derived features of vertebrates

A
  1. vertebral column
  2. cranium
  3. endoskeleton
  4. neural crest cells
  5. cephalization
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3
Q

vertebral column

A

bony or cartilaginous endoskeleton around the spinal cord

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4
Q

cranium

A

bony or cartilaginous brain protective case

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5
Q

endoskeleton

A

an internal skeleton

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6
Q

neural crest cells

A

an early embryonic feature in development which has an inductive effect on later development giving rise to the jaw, cranium, nerves and part of teeth

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7
Q

cephalization

A

has a head with sensory

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8
Q

List the five diagnostic characteristics of a chordate.

A
  1. notochord
  2. dorsal hollow nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal slits
  4. endostyle
  5. postanal tail
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9
Q

notochord of vertebrates

A

replaced by a vertebral column

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10
Q

urochordata notochord

A

larval notochord tail only

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11
Q

cephalochordata notochord

A

notochord entire body for whole life

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12
Q

notochord

A

stiff but flexible rod

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13
Q

sea squirt notochord

A

lacks notochord as an adult

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14
Q

dorsal hollow nerve chord

A

integrates and coordinates longitudinal muscle fiber in trunk/trail; replaced by spinal cord in humans and filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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15
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

slits in pharynx, pouch is similar embryologically; water passes through

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16
Q

endosyle

A

longitudinal groove in floor of pharynx, glandular, ciliated; secretes mucus to collect food

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17
Q

postanal tail

A

extension of body past anus; useful for locomotion

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18
Q

sea squirt postanal tail

A

lacking in adult

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19
Q

vertebrate examples from lab

A

lamprey and shark

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20
Q

protochordate

A

invertebrate with some or all of the 5 diagnostic characteristics of a chordate

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21
Q

Explain why there are five diagnostic characteristics and why the characteristics were chosen from embryogenesis.

A
  • each of these traits can be traced back to just chordates which share the same common ancestor whom did not possess these traits
  • the traits were chosen from embryogenesis because organisms can deviate from their embryo and larval stages but their developing structures remain the same; as they grow older some organisms lose derived features
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22
Q

Describe the characteristics that unite craniates and make them distinct from the invertebrate chordates.

A
  • craniates have a bony or cartilaginous brain-protecting case
  • most have a vertebral column
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23
Q

oldest craniates

A

agnathans, specifically myxini (hagfishes) then petromyzontidae (lamprey)

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24
Q

Consider the phrase: “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. What does this mean in terms of studying the embryology of organisms to uncover evolutionary relationships?

A

Haeckel: development of an organism (ontogeny) expresses all of the intermediate forms of its ancestor throughout evolution (phylogeny).

  • Believed that development early on was well-conserved and that organisms changed after their similar first stage developments
  • studying organism’s development gives insights on its ancestral history (if they share developmental stages or not)
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25
Q

Explain the significance of a study of the protochordates to understanding vertebrate evolutionary history.

A

protochordates are essential to studying vertebrate evolutionary history because all verts have the 5 chordate characteristics so earliest vertebrates were close to an early protochordate

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26
Q

Describe how one might use knowledge about homologies during embryogenesis among invertebrate and vertebrate chordates to support the theory of evolution.

A
  • at some point in development they all have a flexible rod (notochord) supporting them that runs the length of their bodies
  • fish evolution shows invertebrates –> vertebrates
  • sea squirts form stiff rod like vertebrates do
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27
Q

Describe the invertebrate chordate subphyla. Recognize names of each.

A
  • hemichordata: half notochord; acorn worm
  • urochordata: tail notochord; tunicates
  • cephalochordata: tail –> head chord; amphioxus
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28
Q

urochordata (tunicates)

A

Small invertebrates with gill slits, notochord, postanal tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and endostyle.

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29
Q

cephalochordata

A

small laterally flattened, filter feeders with wheel organ, oral cirri for chemoreception, mucus sheets –> pharynx in verts

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30
Q

non-vertebrate chordates

A
  • sea squirt and sea lancelets
  • share some or all of the 5 diagnostic characteristics of chordates and are thought to be closely related to vertebrates
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31
Q

old use of pharyngeal slits

A

filter feeding

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32
Q

chordate

A

deuterostome, coelomates, bilateral symmetry, complete gut, 3 germ layers, and 5 derived features of chordates

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33
Q

hemichordata are (chordate, protochordate, vertebrate)

A

protochordate

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34
Q

vertebrate? Ammocoetes

A

yes

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35
Q

lamprey

A

yes

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36
Q

Why study protochordates?

A

To gain insight into what the first vertebrates may have been like in anatomy and physiology.

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37
Q

tunicates also called ___

A

sea squirts

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38
Q

amphioxus also called ___

A

branchiostoma or sea lancelet

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39
Q

sea lancelet closely related to ___

A

vertebrates

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40
Q

are chordates vertebrates or invertebrates?

A

they can be either

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41
Q

human pharyngeal slits

A

Have it embryonically but we don’t have it as an adult

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42
Q

human endostyle

A

thyroid gland

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43
Q

Homoplasy

A

Similarity in characters in different species that is due to convergent or parallel evolution, not common descent.

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44
Q

Homologous structures

A
  • those derived from the same structure in a common ancestor. Homologous structures generally have similar genetic and developmental underpinnings
  • provides evidence of common descent.
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45
Q

convergent evolution

A

the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

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46
Q

parallel evolution

A

the development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different clades

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47
Q

Vestigial structures

A

retaining a structure that no longer serves a purpose

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48
Q

secondarily aquatic

A

recent ancestor was a land organism

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49
Q

earliest vertebrates to evolve

A

agnathans

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50
Q

The only living agnathans are:

A

the lamprey and the hagfish

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51
Q

organism name for lamprey

A

Petromyzontida

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52
Q

Cephalochordates most closely related to:

A

vertebrates

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53
Q

Hagfish (Slime Eel): Phylum, Subphylum, and Class

A

Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Myxini

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54
Q

Hagfish characteristics

A

lack bone, jawless circular mouth used to rasp flesh, no
paired appendages, scavengers, slime glands beneath skin, persistent notochord in adult, entirely marine, large number of ancestral features

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55
Q

Lamprey: Phylum, Subphylum, and Class

A

Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Petromyzontida

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56
Q

All living agnathans lack ____ and possess a single _____ .

A

bone; median nostril

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57
Q

Cephalaspidomorphi

A

lack jaws; lack paired appendages (?); retain notochord as adult; lack a well-developed vertebral column in lamprey; single, median, dorsal nasal opening; marine and freshwater; lamprey has secondary loss of bone

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58
Q

Phylogenetic position for Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys

A

after cephalochordates but before hagfish and lampreys

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59
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species – not based off of similarities, but on history

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60
Q

Craniates that may be important transitional fossils

A

Myllokunmingia, Haikouichthyes, Haikouella

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61
Q

node

A

represents point on phylogenetic tree when population became genetically isolated into more than one species

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62
Q

Monophyletic group

A

includes the most recent common ancestor of a group of organisms, and all of its descendents

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63
Q

polyphyletic taxon

A

composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor; does not include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon

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64
Q

sister taxa / sister groups

A

Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other’s closest relatives.

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65
Q

craniate theory

A

lamprey and hagfishes are not sister taxa

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66
Q

cyclostome theory

A

lamprey and hagfishes are sister taxa

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67
Q

ostracoderm

A

paraphyletic group of armored jawless fish; not a phylogenetic term, just the name of the grouping

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68
Q

conodonts

A

early vertrebrates; extinct chordates representing eels, mineralized dermal skeleton evidence; Anaspids –> internal skeleton; Theolodonti –> scales, precursor for paired appendages

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69
Q

why ostracoderms are thought to be more closely related to gnathostomes than
cyclostomes (hagfish or lamprey)

A

Because they share several synapomorphies

  • dermal and cellular bone
  • gill pouches
  • heterocercal tail
  • inner ear and brain anatomy
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70
Q

Describe three ancestral and three derived traits found in ostracoderms when they are compared to protochordate

A

ancestral traits: jawless (filter feeders), head, soft body

derived: bony armor, ?, ?

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71
Q

why are ostracoderms important to evolutionary history of vertebrates

A

allow us to identify which features were early/defining of vertebrates and begin to show reduction in size and body armor

72
Q

Innovations during fish evolution

A
  1. dermal and endochondral bone and their derivatives (vertebral centra, bony endoskeletons, braincases, teeth),
  2. jaws
  3. brains
  4. appendages, and
  5. the internal organ systems that characterize all vertebrate groups today
73
Q

Fishes dominated during ____

and _____ Eras

A

Paleozoic; Mesozoic

74
Q

First clearly recognizable fish

A

Sacabambaspis

75
Q

Sacabambaspis

A
  • 1st clearly recognizable fish
  • an arandaspid pteraspidomorph
  • shallow seas, probably around estuaries
  • dermal bone on outside, jawless, evidence of endoskeleton
76
Q

The earliest jawless fishes were

A
  1. soft-bodied Myllokunmingia discovered in early Cambrian (530 MY) deposits of China
  2. the true bone bearing craniate Sacabambaspis from Bolivia (470 MY).
77
Q

major groups of ostracoderms that preceded gnathostomes

A

Pteraspidomorphs (Sacabambaspis, Pteraspis, Drepanaspis) Anaspids, Thelodonts, Osteostracans

78
Q

plesiopmorphy

A

An evolutionary trait that is homologous within a particular group of organisms but is not unique to members of that group and therefore cannot be used as a diagnostic or defining character for the group

79
Q

synapomorphy

A

a characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively (in more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants.

80
Q

outgroups

A

a group of organisms that serve as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationship among three or more monophyletic groups of organisms; not witin the studied group but closely related

81
Q

Describe three ancestral and three derived traits found in cyclostomes when they are compared to other craniates.

A

derived: round mouth, horny teeth, ?
ancestral: craniates, agnathans, ?

82
Q

cephal-

A

head

83
Q

phyl-

A

race

84
Q

gnath-

A

jaw

85
Q

-stome

A

mouth

86
Q

-derm

A

skin or covering

87
Q

osteo-

A

bone

88
Q

ostraco-

A

shell

89
Q

morph-

A

shape

90
Q

homo-

A

same

91
Q

cono-

A

cone

92
Q

proto-

A

first, earliest form of

93
Q

-dont

A

tooth

94
Q

mono-

A

one, alone

95
Q

plesio-

A

near, similar

96
Q

a-

A

on, to, toward

97
Q

tetra-

A

four

98
Q

-pod

A

foot

99
Q

syn-

A

with, together

100
Q

ptery-

A

winged

101
Q

myx-

A

slime, mucus

102
Q

pheno-

A

showing

103
Q

hypo-

A

below

104
Q

cleavage

A

total cell number dramatically increases; cells are changing size but the overall total size is not changing; Early cleavage results in the production of doubling of the cells; Cleavage converts unicellular zygote into a multicellular embryo.

105
Q

gastrulation

A

the process of cell differentiation that follows blastula formation and results in the 3 germ layers; cell differentiation

106
Q

agnathan

A

superclass of jawless fish in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, consisting of both present (cyclostomes) and extinct (conodonts and ostracoderms) species. The group excludes all vertebrates with jaws, known as gnathostomes.

107
Q

amniote

A

an animal whose embryo develops in an amnion and chorion and has an allantois; a mammal, bird, or reptile

108
Q

anamniote

A

any of the vertebrates of the group Anamnia (Anamniota), comprising the cyclostomes, fishes, and amphibians, characterized by the absence of an amnion during the embryonic stage

109
Q

gnathostomes

A

having a mouth with jaws, including all vertebrates except the agnathans

110
Q

tetrapods

A

a four-footed animal, especially a member of a group that includes all vertebrates higher than fishes

111
Q

craniate

A

chordates that have a braincase (also called a cranium or a skull), mandible (jawbone) and other facial bones.

112
Q

ectoderm

A

the outer germ layer in the embryo of a multicellular organism

113
Q

derived traits

A

derived is when a trait shows up that was NOT present in a common ancestor.

114
Q

endoderm

A

the innermost cell layer of the embryo in its gastrula stage.

115
Q

phenotype

A

the appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment.

116
Q

chorion and funciton

A

the outermost of the extraembryonic membranes of land vertebrates, contributing to the formation of the placenta in the placental mammals; completely surrounds the embryo; layer just underneath the shell of an egg
function: gas exchange

117
Q

mesoderm

A

the middle cell layer of the embryo in its gastrula stage.

118
Q

amnion and function

A

the innermost of the embryonic or fetal membranes of reptiles, birds, and mammals; the sac in which the embryo is suspended; function: shock absorbe, prevents drying out

119
Q

Describe the basic developmental process of vertebrates from zygote to organogenesis.

A 
zygote
cleavage, cells divide, no increase in size
2-4-8-16-32 cell (morula)
blastula
gastrulation
organogenesis and neurulation
120
Q

Recognize different types of vertebrate eggs and examples for each

A

Microlecithal eggs - holoblastic, small , forms isolecithal egg (placental mammals)
Macrolecithal eggs -meroblastic, telolecithal egg (birds, reptiles, monotremes, sharks, teleosts, marine lampreys
Mesolecithal eggs - holoblastic, telolecithal (amphibians, lungfish, ganoid fish (sturgeon), lampreys (freshwater)

121
Q

Pteraspis

A

a heterostracan that is a sister group to the Arandaspids; hypocercal tail

122
Q

earliest well-known ostracoderms

A

Pteraspidomorphs

123
Q

zygote to gastrula

A

Zygote –> 8 cell stage –> morula –> blastula –> gastrula

124
Q

Cleavage is affected by

A

the amount and distribution of yolk

125
Q

Differences in egg type (i.e. yolk amount and distribution) influences selection and sequence

A

of expression of nuclear genes

126
Q

patterns of cleavage

A

Holoblastic - entire zygote divides (mammals, amphibians)

Meroblastic - incomplete division; cleavage furrow doesn’t extend into yolk (birds)

127
Q

the three germ layers

A

endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm.

128
Q

macrolecital gastrulation

A

blastopore is not visible due to large amount of yolk; Primitive streak is homologous to blastopore

129
Q

Developmental studies help us

understand: (4)

A

Evolutionary history
Constraints on evolutionary history
Major evolutionary change
Complexity

130
Q

Evo-Devo

A

Species evolve by changes in their embryological processes.

131
Q

most diverse form of fish today

A

ray fin fishes

132
Q

heterostraci

A
  • extinct
  • sister group of arandaspids
  • pteraspids
133
Q

fish tail types

A

homocercal (normal, goldfish, salmon), heterocercal (top is longer, shark), hypocercal (bottom is longer, early fish)

134
Q

Thelodonti

A
  • extinct
  • hollow scales, nipple teetch
  • phlebolip is example
  • scales used for stratification studies
135
Q

all vertebrates come from ____

A

eggs

136
Q

“blastula”

A

hollow ball

137
Q

“archenteron”

A

ancient gut

138
Q

blastocoel

A

open space inside blastula

139
Q

blastopore in humans becomes ___

A

anus

140
Q

Gastrulation in microlecithal egg

A

Cells at vegetal pole change; then blastula invaginates.; Eventually blastocoel lost; archenteron forms.

141
Q

gastrulation in mesolecithal

A

Animal pole cells migrate down embryo surface; move into interior. Cells change shape, sink inward at dorsal lip of blastopore. Archenteron forms, blastocoel shrinks; Blastopore becomes ring shaped; cells that fill it are called the yolk plug.

142
Q

primitive groove of bird egg

A

chick’s blastopore

143
Q

epiblast

A

formed from animal pole cells that make up upper layer of embryo; form thickened region called the primitive streak; the outermost layer of an embryo before it differentiates into ectoderm and mesoderm

144
Q

Hensen’s node

A

cells that will become the notochord

145
Q

Organogenesis

A

process of organ formation.

146
Q

endoderm becomes:

A

epithelium of respiratory tract, pharynx, liver, pancreas

147
Q

ectoderm becomes:

A

hair, nails, brain, spinal cord, neural crest

148
Q

mesoderm becomes:

A

notochord, lining of thoracic and abdominal cavities, blood, skeletal muscle, bone, kidney

149
Q

Neurulation

A

formation in the early embryo of the neural tube

150
Q

when does neurulation occur?

A

shortly after gastrulation

151
Q

Induction

A

process by which the presence of one tissue influences the development of others. Certain tissues, especially in very young embryos, apparently have the potential to direct the differentiation of adjacent cells

152
Q

Cells to become neural ectoderm are located

A

in the dorsal surface of the embryo overlying the

notochord.

153
Q

neurulation steps

A

neural plate –> neural fold –> neural groove –> neural tube and neural crest cells

154
Q

isolecithal egg

A

evenly distributed yolk

155
Q

telolecithal egg

A

unequal distribution

156
Q

evolution and examples

A

descent with modification
examples: natural selection favoring shorter legs in cetaceans for easier swimming; mysticetes acquiring disabling genes for their teeth building genes

157
Q

homology and examples

A

similarities in phenotype or genotype that are the result of common descent; seals flipper, human arm, and bat wing; comparable embryology between animals

158
Q

Why do comparative vertebrate anatomists
consider development of the neural crest cells a
key event in the evolution of vertebrates?

A

a lot of the characteristics that make vertebrates vertebrates come from neural crest cells

159
Q

classes of animals with amniotic egg

A

mammals, bird, reptiles

160
Q

the first organs to develop in the

early vertebrate embryo:

A

the notochord, brain, and spinal cord

161
Q

chorionic villi

A

villi that sprout from the chorion to provide maximum contact area with maternal blood

162
Q

allantois

A

stores nitrogenous waste in birds and reptiles; non-functional in mammals except for having blood vessels that contribute to placental formation

163
Q

yolk sac

A

source of nutrient for the developing embryo; in mammals a center for early red blood cell formation

164
Q

Extraembryonic membranes (4)

A

chorion, amnion, allantois, and yolk sac.

165
Q

Evolution of extraembryonic membranes

led to variety of reproductive strategies:

A

internal fertilization, elimination of larval stage, viviparity (retention and growth of the fertilized egg within the maternal body until the young can live on its own), and ovoviviparity (embryos develop inside eggs that are retained within the mother’s body until they are ready to hatch)

166
Q

extraembryonic membrane advantage

A

allowed for life on land

167
Q

ontogeny

A

pertains to the developmental history of an organism within its own lifetime

168
Q

the Biogenetic law

A

largely discredited biological hypothesis that in developing from embryo to adult (ontogeny), animals go through stages resembling or representing successive stages in the evolution of their remote ancestors (phylogeny)

169
Q

the biogenetic law also called”

A

theory of recapitulation

170
Q

Late tailbud stage common features:

A

somites, neural tube, optic anlagen (pre optic lobe or optic structure), notochord, and pharyngeal pouches.

171
Q

two principles that make evolution possible

A
  1. variation in traits
  2. inheritance: traits passing from parents to offspring
    leads to: organisms evolve over time and organisms evolve toward greater adaptiveness
172
Q

Explain the relationship between artiodactyls and whales

A

artiodactyla = closest living thing to whale (hippo)

  • both have lungs, hip bones, milk young, similar teeth, thickened involucrum, ankle bone and DNA match
    artiodactyla: hooved animals
173
Q

Analogous structures

A

pertain to the various structures in different species having the same appearance, structure or function but have evolved separately, thus do not share common ancestor.

174
Q

Explain how a phylogeny can serve as a hypothesis.

A

A phylogeny is a hypothesis because it takes all evidence we have into consideration to make the best prediction to what the truth is. We do this in phylogeny by taking molecular, embryological, and bone evidences to describe how different organisms are linked

175
Q

Explain how variation in a phenotype can range around a mean.

A

variations are possible; bell curve median variation is most common around a mean while the extremes are less likely to demonstrate the mean

176
Q

Explain why most phenotypes cannot be directly linked to genotypes.

A

environmental factors have extensive affects on phenotypes making the contribution of genes hard to measure

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (1 decks)

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