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Kinesiology 310 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

obesity prevelance

A

more than 1/3

34.9% or 78.6 million adults are obese

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2
Q

Body Mass Index Levels

A

below 18.5 is underweight
18.5-24.9 is normal
25-29.9 is overweight
30.0 and above is obese

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3
Q

limits of BMI

A
  • may overestimate body fat in athletes and others with a muscular build
  • may underestimate body fat in older persons and others who have lost muscle
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4
Q

other indicator of health risk

A 
diet
physical activity
waist circumference
blood pressure
blood sugar level
cholesterol level
family history of disease
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5
Q

newest reports from the national center for health statistics shows that

A

2007-2008

  • 68 % of U.S. adults and 32 % of school aged US children and adolescents are overweight or obese
  • good news: may be leveling off
  • bad news: numbers are alarmingly high
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6
Q

according to the two reports :

A

1/3 of adults are obese

-17% children were above the 95th percentile of BMI for age

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7
Q

Adult Physical Activity guidelines

A

150 minutes or 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity every week
2 or more days a week of muscle strengthening
or
1 hour and 15 minutes (75 minutes) of vigorous intensity aerobic activity
-an equivalent mix of vigorous and moderate intensity aerobic activity

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8
Q

kinesiology

A

the study of human movement, all research in this department relates back to human movement
-what happens when we move, how we move, why we move

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9
Q

research

A

the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase our understanding of the phenomenon under study

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10
Q

measurement

A

a reference sample or standard used for the quantitative comparison of properties

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11
Q

research design

A

the method and structure of an investigation chosen by the researcher to conduct data collection and analysis

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12
Q

types of research

A

experimental research, observational research, basic research, applied research

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13
Q

experimental research

A

research that examines cause and effect relationship between variables

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14
Q

observational research

A

gather information or data about the world as it is

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15
Q

basic research

A

a type of research that may have limited direct application but in which the researcher has careful control over the conditions

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16
Q

applied research

A

a type of research that has direct value to practitioners but in which the researcher has limited control over the research setting

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17
Q

applied research characteristics

A

answers immediate problems

  • human subjects
  • real world settings
  • lacks control
  • results directly useful
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18
Q

basic research characteristics

A
  • deals with theoretical issues
  • animal subjects
  • lab setting
  • carefully controlled
  • results lack application
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19
Q

5 characteristics of research

A 
systemic
logical
empirical
reductive
replicable
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20
Q

systemic

A

identify and label variables and design ways to test variables

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21
Q

logical

A

examination of procedures used in process allows evaluation of conclusions

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22
Q

empirical

A

data is collected to base decisions on

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23
Q

reductive

A

take individual events and use them to establish relations

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24
Q

replicable

A

process is recorded so research can be repeated

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25
Q

criteria for high quality research

A

based on work of others

  • can be replicated
  • can be generalized to other settings
  • based on some logical rationale and tied to theory
  • doable
  • generates new questions or is cyclical in nature
  • incremental
  • an apolitical activity that should be undertaken for the betterment of society
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26
Q

law

A

general relation proved (or assumed) to hold between mathematical and logical expressions

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27
Q

purposes of research

A

describe
predict
control
explain

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28
Q

black swans

A

unpredictable even that defies prediction

-an outlier

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29
Q

hindsight bias

A
  • knew it all along effect
  • creeping determinism
  • the inclination after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it
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30
Q

theory

A
  • an explanation of some aspect of practice that permits the researcher to draw inferences about future happenings
  • a belief or assumption about the causal relationship between variables that serves to explain phenomena
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31
Q

evolution of theories

A

precision, simplicity, testability

32
Q

precision

A

how accurately does a theory explain a phenomena

33
Q

simplicity

A

how many special conditions and quantifiers must be met

34
Q

testability

A

how many observational methods can be employed to test the theory

35
Q

concept of science

A

a process of careful and systematic inquiry

36
Q

sources of evidence we use

A
  • tenacity(superstition)
  • intuition (ex:the earth is flat)
  • authority
  • personal experience
  • deductive reasoning (rationalistic)
  • scientific method (empirical)
37
Q

deductive reasoning

A

thinking proceeds from a generalized assumption (theory) to a specific application
-move from a theoretical explanation of events to specific hypotheses that are tested against reality

38
Q

value of deductive reasoning

A
  • organizes information
  • a way to test theories
  • a hypothesis generator
39
Q

inductive reasoning

A

thinking proceeds from specific to general
-individual observations are tied together into specific hypotheses which are grouped into a more general explanation, which are united into theory

40
Q

perfect induction

A

where observe every member of group to make conclusions

41
Q

imperfect induction

A

observe small sample and generate conclusions from sample to population

42
Q

primary objective of Framingham heart study

A

to identify the common factors or characteristics that contribute to CVD by following its development over a long period of time in a large group of participants who had not yet developed overt symptoms of CVD or suffered a heart attack

43
Q

scientific method

A

a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge

44
Q

scientific

A

a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning

45
Q

empirical evidence

A

information acquired by observation or experimentation

-this data is recorded and analyzed by scientists and is a central process as part of the scientific method

46
Q

steps of scientific method

A
  1. developing the problem
  2. formulating the hypothesis
  3. gathering the data
  4. analyzing and interpreting results
47
Q

research process

A

-selecting a problem, asking the question
-formulating the hypotheses
review relevant literature on the topic
-listing the measures to be used
-describing the subjects
-constructing a research design
-constructing measurement devices
-analysis of the data
-generating conclusions
-writing the research report

48
Q

normal science

A

an objective manner of study grounded in the natural sciences that is systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable

49
Q

reductionism

A

a characteristic of normal science that assumes that complex behavior can be reduced, analyzed, explained as parts that can then be put back together to understand the whole

50
Q

paradigm

A

the worldview underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific subject

51
Q

paradigm crisis

A

development of discrepancies in a paradigm leading to proposals of a new paradigm that better explains the data

52
Q

4 ways paradigm influences the scientific process

A
  • what is studied and researched
  • the type of questions that are asked
  • the exact structure and nature of the questions
  • how the results of any research are interpreted
53
Q

hypothesis

A

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

  • an anticipated a outcome
  • an educated guess
54
Q

research hypothesis

A

hypothesis deduced from theory or induced form empirical studies that is based upon logical reasoning and predicts the outcome of the study

55
Q

null hypothesis

A

hypothesis used primarily in the statistical test for the reliability of the results that says there is no difference in treatment
-no difference between comparison groups or association among tested variables

56
Q

alternative hypotheses

A

hypothesis predicts either a simple difference or a difference in a particular direction

57
Q

two tailed

A

there is an association between saturated fat intake and coronary heart disease

58
Q

one tailed

A

there is a positive association between saturated fat intake and coronary heart disease

59
Q

directional hypothesis

A

one tailed test

ex: children with high IQ are more easily motivated than children with low IQ

60
Q

non directional hypothesis

A

two tailed test

ex: there is a difference in the motivational level of children with a high IQ and those children with a low IQ

61
Q

power

A

the increasing likelihood of rejecting a false null hypothesis for a sample

62
Q

independent variable

A

the part of the experiment that the researcher is manipulating

  • a variable that is intentionally changed to observe its effect on the dependent variable
  • forms or defines groups
63
Q

dependent variable

A
  • the effect of the independent variable, also called the yield.
  • the event studied and expected to change when the independent variable is changed
  • typically measured to see what happened in experiment, or differences in groups
64
Q

control variable

A

a factor that could possibly influence the results and that is kept out of the study or experiment

  • the control variable limits the variability in your sample by defining the population
    ex: fitness level, sex, age
65
Q

ways to control a variable (control variable)

A
  1. match subjects based on some criterion
  2. randomly select
  3. limit group based on certain variables (gender, age, weight, fitness level,)
66
Q

why do we have control variables?

A

to reduce variability

67
Q

extraneous/ confounding variables

A

a factor that could affect the relationship between the ind. and dep. variables but that is not included or controlled
ex: diet, prior fitness level, genetics

68
Q

categorical/moderator variable

A

a variable that effects the direction and or strength of the relation between the independent and dependent variable

69
Q

operational definition

A
  • observable phenomenon that enables the researcher to test whether or not the predicted outcomes can be supported
  • frequency, time, exercise used etc.
  • must be valid and reliable
70
Q

validity

A

do they measure what they are supposed to measure?

71
Q

reliability

A

the results should be the same when done by different people or by one person at different times
-repeatable

72
Q

limitation

A

a possible shortcoming or influence that cannot be controlled or is the result of the delimitations imposed by the researcher

  • well designed studies have fewer limitations
    ex: sample size too small, malfunctioning equipment, participants dropping out
73
Q

delimitation

A

a limitation imposed by the researcher in the scope of the study; a choice that the researcher makes to define a workable research problem

74
Q

validity

A

accuracy

75
Q

internal validity

A

the ability to conclude that only the independent variables affected any differences in measures of the dependent variables across groups or across tests on the same group

76
Q

external validity

A

-ability to generalize the results of a study to a sample population in a real world setting

Kinesiology 310 (3 decks)

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