Exam 1 Flashcards
Adhesive plaque
Used to stick a mussel to the surface of a rock. with their foot, they apply adhesive to the surface of the cavity. they squirt protein that bonds to the rock and creates a foamy structure in the cavity.
Cephalothorax
One of the two major body divisions of the spider. contains the head and thorax (major organs/torso) of the spider.
Coke
Provides fuel and carbon monoxide to reduce the ore to iron in iron production.
Limestone
Used to extract. pulls out acids from the ore.
Micelle
a group of beta sheets that build to eventually form spider silk
Human Manufacturing vs. Organism Manufacturing
Human Manufacturing uses a finite supply of input material, large amounts of energy is required, waste products are produced, and materials are not biodegradable. Organisms produce no noxious byproducts, the products are made internally with no outside sources, use life friendly manufacturing, and there are firm assembly rules based on DNA.
Convergent Evolution
When unrelated groups of organisms evolve similarly to answer the same problem in survival
Nanotex
clothing made based on the Lady’s mantle to make it water resistant and dirt resistant.
Geckos evolved to arboreal because…
Arboreal- lives in trees. In trees, theres an abundant food supply and its easier to escape from predators.
Aragonite
Made from CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate) and is one of the two regulated substances formed by mussel shells. creates the nacreous layer.
Beta sheet
A spider’s silk is made from basic proteins, including some that form thin, planar crystals called beta sheets. they are 1-10nm thick and are formed from basic chemical structures.
Blast Furnace
Used to create steel. Iron ore, Limestone, and coke are thrown into the blast furnace at 1900 Celsius and turned into iron ore and slag.
Blow Molding
Melted plastic blown into form to make hollow plastic parts
Bolas Spider
a spider that hunts by dropping a moth pheromone onto a silk line with a ball of sticky glue to trick moths into being captured. The spider flings the ball at insects.
Burdock
Plant. its seeds/fruit have a hook system that use adhesion to stick onto animals to aid seed dispersal (animal adhesion)
Calcite
Made from CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate) and is one of two substances formed by mussel shells. makes the prismatic layer.
Calcium Carbonate
Chemical component manufactured by the shell of mussels. Can be used two create Calcite and aragonite. crystallizes to form the shell.
Capillary Forces
thin film of fluid between objects allowing adhesion via hydrogen bonding
Chelicerae
fang with poison gland used by spider to capture prey
Collagen
fibrous proteins that connect and give form to byssal threads
Cuticle
Outer layer of living tissue. In plants, the cuticles are covered in hydrophobic wax. It’s function is to prevent water loss and protect the plant from bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Dispersion Force
How seeds are dispersed from the parental plant. They are dispersed by water, wind, and animal ingestion and adhesion
Dragline
Safety line used by free-living spiders
Evolution
Descent with modification. gradual transition of using traits that are already possessed that modify over time.
How geckos move their toes when they walk
They have rolling in attachment, rolling out detachment
Extrusion
Used to shape the spider silk into material
Foot (Mussel)
Used to attach the byssal thread to rocks. Cleans the surface of substrate, removes water and prepares a secretion chamber, and applies adhesive and assembles thread. The foot can form a tube
Hydrogen bonding
bonding with hydrogen. strongest attraction.
Dipole-Dipole bonding
attraction between poles, or positive and negative ions
Dispersion
Force resulting from attractions between induced dipoles
van der waals force
applies to dipole dipole bonding and dispersion
How spider silk changes from a liquid to a solid
it starts as a liquid protein, but the silk condenses to a crystal structure when the orientation changes, which is driven by the loss of water and higher tension.
Velcro
Nylon loops are sewn into fabric, cut, and melted to make hooks. when pressed to other nylon loops, they attach and catch each other to hold firm against each other.
How do geckos keep their feet clean
they keep their feet clean because the attraction of the particle to the surface the gecko steps on is greater than the attraction to the spatula. a limited number of spatulae come in contact with dirt.
How is spider silk organized
silk threads have a fiber core, surrounded by an inner membrane, micro-fibril walls, and an outer coating
Hydrophobic
water repellent
Injection molding
melted plastic pushed into form
iron ore
a rock from which iron can be extracted when in a blast furnace with limestone and coke.
Lotus
hydrophobic plant which repels dirt and water
Mantle
Addition of fine hairs on cuticle of wax. Hair- hydrophilic. Wax- hydrophobic. Water hits surface. Water moves to top of hairs
Hairs bend adding springs
Nacreous Layer
second lowest level of the mussel shell
Pedipalps
Used to help catch prey and transfer sperm to females
Radial thread
one of three kinds of thread in the spider web. absorbs kinetic energy from prey
Setae
stiff bristle-like hairs on the lamella of gecko toes
Spatula
the way geckos toe hairs mimic a spatula. they are hydrophobic.
Spinneret
organ in which silk is produced. each spinneret has a spigot that determines thickness. each spider has 3 pairs of spinnerets, and up to seven different silk glands
Support thread
one of three kinds of thread in the spider web. used to support the weight of prey and spiders, and absorb energy of collision from prey.
Surface tension
the force that reels in the silk. there are wound up cores of silk that expands when pressure is applied
4 different ways in which plants disperse their seeds
Wind dispersal, animal ingestion, animal adhesion, and water dispersal
Silk properties
must be able to absorb energy of collision, constrain prey, must be easy to manufacture, and must be waterproof.
2 ways plants have evolved to be super hydrophobic
micro rough cells, and fine hairs on the cuticles of wax
Two different types of globules on strands of spider silk and their functions
Two types of globules along the silk thread drops adhesive along the thread and wound up silk cores expand with surface tension
Byssal thread creation
byssal threads are made in the water, and are adhesives that work well in wet conditions. they also spring so that they don’t thrash in the water.
what is special about the gecko toe that allows geckos to climb vertical surfaces.
Their feet are covered in 1.6 million hairs per foot, and they stick with van der waals forces.
what is the difference between a monomer and a polymer
individual units are called monomers, and monomers assemble into polymers
History of silk used by spiders
Ancestral spiders would burrow and make a waterproof shelter. funnel web spiders made funnels that contained a central hiding spot. Sheet web spiders used capture threads to catch insects while hiding on the side. Tangle web spiders stayed in the middle of the webs, and threads release and spring to the middle. Orb weaving spiders stay in the middle of the web and prey gets caught in sticky threads. free living spiders use dragline as safety line.
Blue mussel environment
mussels inhabit the intertidal zone, or the zone affected by waves and tides
three things necessary for natural selection
Variation among individuals, The variation is heritable, and Differences in survival and/or reproduction
Why silk worms are potentially good organisms to manufacture spider silk
300 cocoons made my silk worms make 1 lb of silk, and they simplify silk collection
Why is it important for organisms to keep clean
to stay healthy
why is it difficult to engineer spider silk
silk genes are very long, and contains noncoding regions for structure
Reasons for seed dispersal
To escape from the parental plant so that they have an opportunity to grow, to colonize a new habitat, and to move to a more favorable habitat
Collagen cross linking
fibrous proteins connect the collagen and give form to the units
