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Intro to Archaeology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

the study of all aspects of humans (biology, culture, language) past or present, using a holistic, comparative approach and the concept of culture.

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2
Q

Anthropology (compared to Sociology)

A

culture & community; non-Western; immerse oneself in culture.

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3
Q

Sociology (compared to Anthropology)

A

social problems & institutions; modern Western society; surveys & quantitative data.

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4
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

belief that your culture is superior to all others; a tendency to view other cultures from a perspective of your own.

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5
Q

Cultural relativity

A

all cultures are equal, none are superior; regarding the beliefs, values, & practices of one culture from that culture’s perspective.

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6
Q

Archaeology, biollogy, culture, linguistic.

A

Sub-fields of anthropology

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7
Q

Archaeology

A

the study of past humans based on investigation of their material remains.

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8
Q

When/where/how did humans live in the past?
Why did changes take place in past societies?
How did a site come to be?
Why are some sites/artifacts preserved & not others?
Preserve the past for the present.

A

Goals of archaeology

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9
Q

Classical, prehistoric, historic, public.

A

Types of archaeology

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10
Q

Classical archaeology

A

Western Asia, Egypt, Europe.

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11
Q

Prehistoric archaeology

A

no written records; New World - before arrival of Europeans (preColombian); Old World - Paleolithic to Bronze Age; small scale, nomadic, chieftain-level societies.

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12
Q

Historic archaeology

A

written history; New World - European expansion.

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13
Q

Contact period archaeology

A

Europeans arriving/interacting with natives; domesticating animals.

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14
Q

Public archaeology

A

applied anthropology; managing sites, preservation, education, politics.

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15
Q

Present (BP)

A

1950

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16
Q

stewardship; accountability; commercialization; public education; intellectual property; pubic reporting; records & preservation; training & resources.

A

SAA’s principles of archaeological ethics

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17
Q

Society of Professional Archaeologists (SOPA) 1976

A

first to define professionalism in archaeology; baseline to evaluate archaeological research & recommendations; ability to challenge other archaeologists

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18
Q

Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA) 1998

A

membership by qualification; directory of certified archaeologists; voluntary but require by many; goal - establish universal standards of professional archaeological standards; code of conduct; created by SOPA

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19
Q

Speculative Period (1492-1840)

A

Pe: origins of Native Americans; moundbuilders

20
Q

Classificatory-Descriptive Period (1840-1914)

A

Pe: qualitative data; description of materials, architecture, monuments; basic classification; no dating techniques.

21
Q

Classificatory-Historical Period (1914-1960)

A

Pe: concern with chronology; stratigraphic excavations; seriation; classifying temporally & spatially, not just descriptively; stratigraphic revolution; radiocarbon dating

22
Q

Modern Period (1960-Present)

A

Pe: quantitative data; scientific explanation

23
Q

C. B. Moore

A

self-trained; first to excavate Indian Knoll - shell midden in W Kentucky along the Green River.

24
Q

Nels Nelson

A

stratigraphic method (1913); SW U.S.

25
Q

“Ted” Kidder

A

founder of anthropological archaeology; SW potsherds; cultural chronology

26
Q

James A. Ford

A

seriation techniques in SW U.S.; chronology of cultures along Mississippi

27
Q

Hannah Wormington

A

wrote “Ancient Man” for the general public; 1st female president of SAA; paleoindian archaeology

28
Q

Squier & Davis

A

mapped mounds in E U.S.; supported the moundbuilders myth

29
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

1st controlled excavations in VA

30
Q

Cyrus Thomas

A

declared mound builders theory false; Bureau of American Ethnology

31
Q

data

A

observations made on objects that serve as the basis for study & discussion

32
Q

archaeological site

A

a spatial cluster of artifacts, ecofacts, and features

33
Q

artifact

A

any object made, modified, or used by humans in the course of their activities

34
Q

ecofact

A

animal & plant based

35
Q

feature

A

cluster of artifacts & ecofacts; can’t be removed without damaging original context

36
Q

theory

A

an explanation for observed empirical phenomena

37
Q

low-level theory

A

T: observations resulting from hands-on archaeological field & lab work

38
Q

mid-level theory

A

T: link archaeological observations with human behaviors/natural processes that created them

39
Q

experimental archaeology

A

study of how/which ancient behaviors created the archaeological record

40
Q

ethnoarchaeology

A

studying modern people to determine how human behavior fits in the archaeological record

41
Q

taphonomy

A

study of how the processes or preservation affect information; what happens to artifacts once discarded

42
Q

high-level theory

A

T: answer “why” questions

43
Q

Paradigm

A

a researcher’s culture; learned/shared; influences how you view the world and humanity

44
Q

Processual

A

Pa: explains social, economic, and cultural change as a result of adaptation to material conditions; scientific explanation; “New Archaeology”; backlash against pure description; emphasizes universal law of human nature;

45
Q

Post Processual

A

Pa: explains change as arising from interaction between individuals in the same society; each culture is unique; rejects objectivity & explicitly scientific methods

46
Q

Processual Plus

A

Pa: addresses post-processual questions with processual methods; scientific inquiry; symbolism, ideology, agency, gender.

47
Q

Myth of the Moundbuilders

A

wanted America to have a heroic past - Native Americans were too savage & primitive; Ohio; disproved by Cyrus Thomas

Intro to Archaeology (1 decks)

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