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Physiology 305 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is physiology

A

the science of body functions

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2
Q

what is the order for the organization of the body?

A 
Subatomic particles
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Cells
Tissue
Organs
Systems
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3
Q

Subatomic particles include…

A

Protons (+)
Neutrons (0)
Electrons (-)

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4
Q

What is molecules and what functions can be explained through molecules?

A

Physiological functions can be explained through the interactions of various molecules

Molecules can be organic (carbon, hydrogen, etc) or inorganic

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5
Q

Macromolecules is…

A

Large molecule made of many repeated subunits

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6
Q

What are the 4 important polymers (macromolecules)?

A

carbs (mono,di,poly-saccharides)
lipids (triglycerides, fatty acids, phopholipids)
proteins (amino acids)
nucleic acids (nucleotides)

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7
Q

The cell is the ___ living unit capable of carrying out ______ _______

A

The cell is the smallest living unit capable of carrying out life functions

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8
Q

What are the four major tissues?
CMEN

(examples of C and M)

A

Connective tissue (bone, blood, fibroblasts)
Muscular tissue (generate movement and is controlled voluntarily or unvoluntarily [stomach])
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue

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9
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a normal environment

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10
Q

What are two types of homeostasis? Two examples of each.

A

Negative Feedback - Brings the body back to normal (Blood Pressure or Temperature)
Positive Feedback- When something is doing the right thing and the body says keep dong it (Ovulation or Bleeding)

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11
Q

what is the equation for PH?

A

ph = log (1/h+)

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12
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

A

ph = pK + log (A-)/(HA)

pk always equals 6.1

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13
Q

what does the bicarbonate buffer system do for the body?

A

provides the body a way to get back to equilibrium.

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14
Q

Equilibrium products and reactants are _____ ______

but the rate at which they are ____ is.

A

The products and reactants are never equal, but the rate at which they are formed is.

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15
Q

Respiration Acidosis

A 
Holding breath:
CO2 increases
Goes to the right
H+ increases
PH decreases
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16
Q

Respiration Alkalosis

A 
Hyperventilation:
CO2 decreases
Goes to the Left
H+ decreases
PH increases
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17
Q 
Metabolic Acidosis
(basically anything else that isn't respiration)
A 
Severe Diarrhea, Kidney Failure, High intensity exercise that produces lactic acid:
HCO3 decreases
To the right
H+ incerases
PH decreases
18
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A 
Vomiting, Excessive sodium bicarbonate ingestion:
H+ decreases
PH increases
To the right
HCO3 increases
19
Q

Hydrophobic

A
  • Hates water

* Attracts hydrophobic so a hydrophobic molecule can directly pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell

20
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Loves water

Needs assistance

21
Q

Organelles include…(10)

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Lysomes and Peroxisomes
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Cell Membrane
22
Q

Nucleus

A

Genetic blueprint to make any protein

Transmission and expression of genetic information

23
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of rRNA synthesis

24
Q

Cystoplasm

A

cytosol
all organelles
everything else that is not in the nucleus

25
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Covered with ribosomes, essentially for protein production

26
Q

Smooth ER

A

Helps with Lipid formation and steroids

specialized in certain cells

27
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Shipping

Packages and sends

28
Q

Lysosomes and peroxisomes

A

break down things

29
Q

Ribosomes

A

Makes proteins

30
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where the bulk of ATP is produced

Helps with ATP production

31
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Structure and Protection
Determines what enters and what is kept out
phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophobic so it attracts hydrophobic things and allows hydrophobic things to pass through w/o assistance

32
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Attaches cells to one another and will not let anything pass through the junction
It has to go through the cell
Cells of digestive tract

33
Q

Desmosomes

A

Holds cells together that are not touching
Fluids can pass
Usually stretchy
Skin, muscles, uterus

34
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Channels between cells that allows water and small molecules to pass between links
allows for cells to communciate
Heart and Smooth Muscles

35
Q

Endocytosis
what does it do?
What are the sub names of this?

A

Cell eating

Phagocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis

36
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell englufs microns and large particles

37
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A

specific eater that targets specific molecules

38
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking (taking in liquid)

39
Q

Exocytosis

A

Cell needs to export it as proteins and other molecules

40
Q

Similarities in DNA and RNA

A

Composed of nucleotides: sugar, base, and phophate
adenine and guanine (purines)
cytosine (pyrimidines)
complementary base pairing

41
Q

DNA Characteristics

A

Composed of deoxyribose
Has thymine
C - G
A - T

42
Q

RNA Characteristics

A 
Has uracil (pyrimidines)
A - U
C - G
Ribose
T - A

Physiology 305 (1 decks)

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