Exam 1 Flashcards
•Historiography
- The writing of history, including techniques and strategies for investigating specific content areas
- Philosophical questions about history and historical methods
- The characteristics of a body of historical writings
•The Development of Historical Consciousness
- Grows from belief that important events carry significance
- Greeks
- Encompasses awareness of flaws
•What is History?
Chronology of events that provides raw material for historians
•Interpretive study of the events of the human past
Empirical – data
DATA - the numbers, years , population
Explanatory
efforts to make sense of data
Presentism
separating historical facts from current perspectives
Cyclical Hypothesis
History repeats itself
Linear-Progressive Hypothesis
Each generation builds upon discoveries from previous generations
Chaos Hypothesis
History has no overall identifiable and universal meaning
Discourages any attempt to take responsibility for our future
Great-person Theory
Suggests that uncommon individuals transcend the conditions of their day and shape history through their courage, wisdom, or some other virtue
Great-person Theory
Suggests that uncommon individuals transcend the conditions of their day and shape history through their courage, wisdom, or some other virtue
Prevailing conditions, not individuals, forge historical events
-Zeitgeist
-Ortgeist
Zeitgeist
Spirit of a time
Ortgeist
Spirit of a place
Epistemology
EA branch of philosophy concerned with theories of knowledge Major distinctions include A priori v. A posteriori knowledge Nativism v. empiricism Instinct v. -learning
Before knowledge: we know things, born with knowledge and after knowledge: acquiring information from trail and error, parents, teachers
Ex: Born with maternal instincts
Survival instincts
Authority
Leaders
Empiricism
-observable facts: bias, difficult to study things not observable
Rationalism
Reason and logic
Pragmatism
Can be tested
Aetheticism
Beauty (DNA)
Skepticism
-all truth must be questioned
Aristotle’s four causes
Efficient – immediately preceding event Material – physical substrate Formal – shape Final – purpose for which something exists Teleology
Teleology – purpose
Intrinsic teleology: argues that purpose imminent in nature
Extrinsic teleology: argues that purpose comes from an external designer
Psychological determinism
the belief that there are causes, both known and unknown, for every behavior or experience.
What is the relationship between the subjective mind and the physical brain?
.
What is the
Monistic : positions argue that everything is related to one fundamental thing.
Materialism :argues that everything is physical.
Idealism :argues that everything is mental.
Double aspect monism :argues that mind and brain are like two sides of the same coin.
Epiphenomenalism :suggests that mental states are only the overflow or byproduct of brain activity.
Dualistic positions argue that mental and physical are two qualitatively different orders of reality.
Interactionism argues :that the mind and the body are fundamentally different but interact.
How do they interact?
Psychophysical parallelism : argues that mind and body coexist in a beautiful preestablished harmony without interaction.
Emergentism argues : that mental processes are produced by brain processes but are qualitatively different.
Pluralism –
belief that there are many real things that may interact in a variety of ways
Psychogeny
the study of the origin of consciousness or experience (psyche
Hebrew
Radical mono theism : God was the reason for mental disorder
Persia.
Zoroastrian
Good vs evil
Mental illness work of devil
Greek
Nature and order of universe
Supernatural to natural / mental illness
Greek relativism
Humans are the measure of all things
