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Aquatic Ecology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Water

A
  • polar molecule (one side that is positively charged and one that is negative)
  • H2O covalent bonds (share electrons); hydrogen bonds causes water molecules to associate in a cluster
  • # of molecules per cluster decreases with increase in water temp
  • dissolves other substances
  • lattice like molecular configuration
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2
Q

Latent Heat of Vaporization

A
  • heat doesn’t cause a change in temp but changes the phase or state; ie liquid to gas
  • takes 540 cal/g/C to change a phase
  • water is more stable and remarkably resistant to heating due to H+ bonds
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3
Q

Temperature Variation

A
  • Terrestrial ecosystems 10-15 degrees C

- Aquatic ecosystems 1-2 degrees C

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4
Q

Specific Heat

A
  • amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water 1 degrees C
  • water can hold a great deal of heat
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5
Q

Latent Heat of Fusion

A
  • melting
  • heat required to change ice to water with no change in temp.
  • don’t need to break all H+ bonds, just some
  • takes 80 cal/g/degrees C
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6
Q

Density

A
  • water’s max density at 4 degrees C
  • density of ice: 0.917 g cm^3
  • density of water: 0.999 cm^3
  • ice formation: angle expanded and lattice-like structure forms; ice less dense than water
  • thermal expansion is the dominant force
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7
Q

Viscosity

A
  • the state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to internal friction
  • honey has higher viscosity than water
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8
Q

Surface tension

A
  • attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area
  • water has a high surface tension
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9
Q

Normal Conditions

A
  • trade winds blow from east to west
  • warm low pressure area around Australia & Asia
  • causes upwellings near South America, heavy in nutrients, rich fishery in that area
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10
Q

El Nino

A
  • weak or no trade winds

- warm moist air and water flows toward South America which causes lots of rain there and no upwellings

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11
Q

Lacustrine

A

relating to lakes

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12
Q

Paulustrine

A

relating to wetlands

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13
Q

Riverine

A

relating to rivers

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14
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

water evaporating from plants and trees out of their stomata

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15
Q

Watershed/ Basin

A

area surrounding a lake or river that all water drains into

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16
Q

Euphotic

A

light penetration; top layer

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17
Q

Aphotic

A

no light and no photosynthesis

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18
Q

Littoral zone

A

rooted and submerged plants; near shore area

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19
Q

Causes of circulation patterns in lakes

A
  • wind (AKA fetch)
  • Topography (hills, mtns can block wind)
  • Amount of ions in the water
  • Temperature (which relates to density)
  • Depth
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20
Q

Lake ecosytems

A
  • highly variable, heterogeneous (patchy) in physical, chemical and biological components
  • temp, light, density, currents
  • nutrients, ions, contaminants
  • populations, growth rates: ie filter feeders at the outlet
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21
Q

Vertical migration

A

-organisms go toward the surface to feed at night when they are more invisible to predators

22
Q

Dimictic

A

lake that has two turnovers per year

23
Q

Monomictic

A

lake that has one turnover per year

24
Q

Polymictic

A

multiple turnovers per year; usually shallow lakes; turnover by wind

25
Q

Amicitc

A

no turnover ever; usually lakes in the Arctic

26
Q

Meromictic

A
  • sheltered, deep lakes that prevent a lot of wind
  • accumulates ions that sink to the bottom
  • lower layer never mixes (monolimnion)
  • chemical content rains down on bottom
27
Q

What influences light attenuation

A
  • algae
  • phytoplankton
  • organic compounds (decaying leaves, tea color)
  • soil particles, sedimentation
28
Q

PAR

A

photosynthetically active radiation; sensors that measure light attenuation

29
Q

Wavelengths and Energy

A
  • longer wavelengths, less energy absorbed more quickly

- blue has highest energy and shortest wavelengths so it penetrates water the deepest

30
Q

Albedo

A

light reflection

31
Q

Cyanobacteria

A
  • AKA microsystis releases a toxin microcystin
  • liver toxin
  • huge bloom in Lake Erie; city of Toledo; lots of agriculture and nutrient runoff
  • increased moisture in spring and increased temps are two factors that lead to more cyanobacteria
32
Q

Point Source

A

outlet, pipe; enters a body of water directly

33
Q

Nonpoint Source

A

nondirect; ie. agricultural runoff; harder to stop nonpoint source since pollution source is harder to determine

34
Q

Oxygen in water

A
  • colder water holds more oxygen than warmer water

- 6-15 mg/L good, 4-6 stressed, 2-4 choking, 1-2 dying, 01 dead

35
Q

Seiches

A

standing waves; bath tub effect; high water level at one end due to wind set-up (local rise in water level caused by wind)

36
Q

Troph

A

nourishment, energy, productivity

37
Q

Eutrophic

A
  • high productivity; true
  • photosynthesis restricted to epi
  • high nutrient conc (phosphorus & nitrogen)
  • hypo becomes anoxic
  • secchi depth
38
Q

Mesotrophic

A

intermediate productivity; middle

39
Q

Oligotrophic

A
  • low productivity; few
  • clear water
  • low nutrients
  • low productivity
  • secchi dept >3 m
  • photic zone extended to hypo
  • oxygen in hypo
  • fish like salmoniods
40
Q

N2

A

molecular nitrogen; found in atm, nonreactive nitrogen, triple bond, really hard to break apart (only can by nitrogen fixation)

41
Q

NO2-

A

nitrite; toxic

42
Q

NO3

A

nitrate; oxydized

43
Q

NH4+

A

ammonium

44
Q

Phosphorus

A
  • sedimentary cycle; originally from weathering of rocks
  • increased phosphorus=increased blooms
  • also comes from agriculture, lawn fertilizer, runoff, sewage
45
Q

PO4 3-

A

inorganic; phosphate

46
Q

DOP

A

dissolved organic phosphate

47
Q

PP

A

particulate phosphorus

48
Q

Spring mixes

A
  • heavy water going down; getting recirculation
  • ice off, total lake mixing, bottom goes from anoxic to oxic and the phosphate can circulate in entire lake which can cause algal blooms
49
Q

Nutrient loading

A

more algal production and more zooplankton

50
Q

Daphnia

A
  • water flies
  • in the order cladocera
  • feed on small types of algae and diatoms
  • diatoms can’t fix nitrogen but cyanobacteria can
  • Daphnia can’t feed on cyanobacteria
51
Q

Chlorophyll a

A
  • we can measure biomass of cyanobacteria/ phtoplankton by measuring chl-a
  • a photosynthetic pigment

Aquatic Ecology (2 decks)

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