Exam 1

Question 1

Alpha 1

Answer 1

Smooth M. contraction (vessels)
mydriasis (dilation of pupil)
vasoconstriction in skin, mucosa, GI
Sphincter contraction of GI tract and UB

Question 2

Alpha 2

Answer 2

CNS effects
smooth muscle mixed effects
cardiac m. relaxation

Question 3

Beta 1

Answer 3

Cardiac

Positive Chronotropic, Dromotropic, Ionotropic effects

Question 4

Beta 2

Answer 4

Smooth muscle relaxant

Vessels, lungs

Question 5

Epinephrine

Answer 5

Low doses: B1 agonist- vasodilation; decrease BP, increase HR

High doses: a1 premdominates- vasoconstriction; increase BP, increase HR at B1; bronchodilator at B1

Question 6

Norephinephrine

Answer 6

alpha 1 agonist - BP increase (reflex decrease HR)

Question 7

Dobutamine

Answer 7

Cardiac B1 agonist

txt: heart failure, cardiogenic shock, temporary AV block

Question 8

Terbutaline

Answer 8

Beta 2 agonist

Beta 2 (bronchial, vascular, uterine smooth m.)

Bronchodilation (treats acute asthma)

Question 9

Xylazine

Answer 9

alpha 2 agonist

sedative, emetic effect in cats

Question 10

Phenylephrine

Answer 10

alpha agonist

decongestant
increase BP

CNS stimulation

unstable patients in shock- to increase BP

Question 11

Isoproterenol

Answer 11

Beta agonist

vasodilation (decrease BP), increase HR; bronchodilator

hepatic elimination

Question 12

Prazosin

Answer 12

alpha 1 antagonist

smooth muscle relax

Question 13

Propranolol

Answer 13

Beta antagonist/blocker

anti-arrhythmic
-cardioprotective for cats with hyperthyroidism/HCM)

gradual withdrawal - bradycardia, hypotension

Question 14

Atenolol

Answer 14

Beta 1 antagonist

anti-arrhythmic

gradual withdrawal

blocks Epi at cardiac B1

Question 15

Phentolamine

Answer 15

alpha antagonist

vasodilation

treat hypertensive episode

Question 16

Yohimbine

Answer 16

alpha 2 antagonist

increase BP, CNS, reverse Xylazine

Question 17

Bethanechol

Answer 17

muscarinic cholinergic agonist

treat bladder atony (contracts bladder)
Gi stimulant

No CNS activity; less potent than carbachol

reverse with Atropine

Question 18

Carbachol

Answer 18

Cholinergic agonist (M & N)

potent

effects of ACh

GI and urinary tract effects

Question 19

Acetylcholine

Answer 19

Cholinergic agonist

Muscarinic and nicotinic

Question 20

Atropine

Answer 20

Cholinergic muscarinic antagonist

blocks parasympathetic way

increase HR, bronchodilation effects

crosses BBB, CNS effects

Question 21

Glycopyrrolate

Answer 21

Muscarinic antagonist

poor BBB penetration

similar to Atropine- less CNS effects, more potent

Question 22

N-butylscopolammonium Bromide

Answer 22

Muscarinic antagonist

does not cross BBB

Anti-spasmotic for gas colic or rectal exam in horses

Question 23

Edrophonium

Answer 23

Anticholinesterase- inhibit AChE so intensify effects of ACh

short acting

diagnose myasthenia gravis, temporary reversal of m. relaxant

Question 24

Neostigme

Answer 24

Anticholinesterase

reversible, 1-3 hours

treats glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, ruminal stimulant

Question 25

Physostigmine

Answer 25

Anticholinesterase

greater CNS (seizures, hallucinations)

same txt as neostigme

Overdose- Cholinergic syndrome (SLUD, BLUD, BB - bronchoconstriction, bradycardia)

Question 26

Parathion

Answer 26

Anticholinesterase OP type

metabolized in liver to Paraxon - forms covalent bond with AChE (IRREVERSIBLE)

ag insecticide, mosquito control, cattle dip

Question 27

Praladoxime (2-PAM)

Answer 27

Cholinesterase reactivator

treats OP poisoning

frees up esteric site/AChE site

Question 28

Lidocaine

Answer 28

Local anesthetic, amide (liver by CYPs)

not as long lasting as bupivicaine

toxicity- CNS signs (twitch) then cardiovascular signs

anti-arryhthmic

Question 29

Bupivicaine

Answer 29

Local anesthetic, amide

less susceptible to liver metabolism

more potent, longer lasting

more cardiotoxic (severe ventricular arrythmias)

Question 30

Mepivacine

Answer 30

Local anesthetic, amide

FDA- horses

limb blocks