Exam 1 Flashcards
How many vertebrae are there in the spine?
▪️Cervical = 7 ▪️Thoracic = 12 ▪️Lumbar = 5 ▪️Sacrum = 5 ▪️Coccygeal = 4 (33 Total)
In the role of spinal activity what types of muscles are important stabilizers of the spine? What are there attachments and stabilizing roles?
▪️Superficial (Global) - little to no attachment to vertebrae; stabilizes multiple segments.
▪️Segmental (Deep) - direct attachment to vertebra; stabilizes individual segments.
What are the characteristics of global muscles?
■Superficial: farther from axis of motion
■Cross multiple vertebral segments
■Produce motion and provide large guy wire function
■Compressive loading with strong contractions
What are the characteristics of Segmental muscles?
■Deep: closer to axis of motion
■Attach to each vertebral segment
■Control segmental motion; segmental guy wire function
■Greater percentage of type I muscle fibers for muscular endurance
What are the global muscles of the lumbar region?
■Rectus abdominis ■External and internal obliques ■Quadratus lumborum (lateral portion) ■Erector spinae ■Iliopsoas
What are the global muscles of the cervical region?
■Sternocleidomastoid ■Scalene ■Levator scapulae ■Upper trapezius ■Erector spinae
What are the segmental muscles of the lumbar region?
■Transversus abdominis
■Multifidus
■Quadratus lumborum (deep portion)
■Deep rotators
What are the segmental muscles of the cervical region?
■Rectus capitis anterior and lateralis
■Longus colli
What is considered the trunk of a person (skeletal)?
▪️Sternum
▪️Ribs
What is the vertebral column referred to?
The entire set of vertebrae, excluding the ribs, sternum, pelvis.
What are the curves and degrees of the cervical spine?
Cervical Loridosis 30-35*
What are the curves and degrees of the thoracic spine?
Thoracic Kyphosis 40*
What are the curves and degrees of the lumbar spine?
Lumbar Loridosis 40-45*
What are the points in the body’s line of gravity (Sagittal)?
▪️Lobe of ear (at mastoid process) ▪️Anterior to 2nd sacral vertebra (slightly) ▪️Posterior to hip joint axis (slightly) ▪️Posterior to knee joint (slightly) ▪️Anterior to the ankle joint
When turning head left, which way does the atlas slide?
Anterior slide
When turning head right, which way does atlas slide?
Posterior slide
Which cervical vertebrae’s primary function is to
support the head?
C1 Atlas
Which cervical vertebrae has no body, pedicle,lamina, or spinous process?
C1 Atlas
Which cervical vertebra has a vertebral canal—triangular,largest in cervical region?
C1 Atlas
Which cervical vertebrae has a transverse processes largest in cervical region?
C1 Atlas
Which cervical vertebrae has two lateral masses joined by anterior and posterior arches?
C1 Atlas
Which cervical vertebrae has a body—large and tall, base for dens (odontoid process) which projects upward and provides a rigid vertical axis for rotation of the atlas and head?
C2 Axis
Which cervical vertebrae has superior articular facets that are flat to slightly convex?
C2 Axis
Which cervical vertebrae has inferior articular facets that are flat?
C2 Axis
Which cervical vertebrae has the spinous process—largest of cervical region, bifid?
C2 Axis
Which cervical vertebrae has a vertebral canal—large and triangular transverse processes—from anterior and posterior tubercles?
C2 Axis
Which cervical vertebrae is named the “vertebral prominens” and is very similar to typical C-vertebrae but with a spinous process that is very large?
C7 Vertebral Prominens
What are the three parts associated with movement and stability of the cervical intervertebral junction?
1) the interbody joint - disk (cartilaginous/synarthrosis joint)
2) apophyseal joints - articular facets (synovial joint)
3) the transverse and spinous processes
What is the name and characteristics of the joint that absorbs shock and distributes load throughout the vertebral column?
The interbody joint - disk (synarthrosis joint)
▪️provides intervertebral stability
▪️serves as the approximate site of the axes of rotation for movement
▪️functions as a deformable intervertebral spacer
What is the arthrokinematic term for facets that move closer to each other, usually by a compressive force?
Examples are extension or increased lordosis of the lumbar spine
Approximation
What is the arthrokinematic term for facets that move away from each other, usually by a distraction force?
Example manual traction.
Separation or Gapping
What is the arthrokinematic term for a facet that moves in a linear or curvilinear direction, caused by a force tangential to
joint surface?
Example flexion-extension of the mid to lower cervical spine
Sliding
What is the arthrokinematic term that is typically considered
the close-packed position of ALL the apophyseal joints across the vertebral column as it maximizes articular contact, although ligaments are not necessary all on tension?
Neutral or slightly Extended
◾️Distribution of weight
◾️Absorption of force
◾️Transfer of ground reaction forces
What are the structural components enabled by? What are some examples?
If an efficient state, the CORE: ▪️Spine body ▪️Spinous Process ▪️Transverse Process ▪️Disc: Annulus Fibrosis,Nucleus Pulposus
Parts of the Ribs and Thoracic Spine…
Online
Where or how does flexion and extension generally occur in the cervical vertebrae?
Cranial to Caudal
Where are the 3 places that the cervical spine axis of rotation run through?
▪️Condyles
▪️Dens
▪️Bodies
In the osteokinematics of cervical flexion and extension movement is generally limited by?
Ligaments and/or annulus fibrosis (disc)
Volume of cervical vertebral canal is GREATEST in full ____ and LEAST in full ____.
Flexion,Extension
What is a serious risk with someone who has spinal stenosis of the cervical spine?
SCI - Spinal Cord Injury
How many degrees of flexion and extension can the Atlanto-occipital joint and Atlanto-axial joint perform?
- Atlanto-occipital joint: flexion 5, extension 10
* Atlanto-axial joint: flexion 5, extension 10
How many degrees of flexion and extension can the Intracervical region perform? What makes up this region?
Intracervical region (C2-C7) • Flexion: 35- 40 • Extension 55-60
What is the total amount of flexion and extension that can be performed throughout the cervical region?
◾️FLEXION 45-50*
◾️EXTENSION 75-80*
In the Atlanto-occipital joint the ______ condyles of the occipital bone rock backwards in ______, and forward in _____ within the
_____ superior articular facets of the atlas, there is a slight slide.
Convex, Extension, Flexion, Concave
In the ________ joint complex, ring-shaped _____ pivots _____during flexion and _____during extension.
Atlanta-occipital, Atlas, Forward, Backward
What joint and part slides in the cervical region?
Intracervical apophyseal joints - Facets slide
What involves flexion of lower-mid cervical region and extension of the upper cervical region?
Protraction C1-C2
What involves extension of lower-mid cervical region and flexion of the upper cervical region?
Retraction C1-C2
During Axial rotation, Ring-shaped dens twist about the dens producing how many degrees of a axial rotation in each direction?
40-45*
Rotation guided by spatial orientation of the facet surfaces within apophyseal joints slide on each other and the _______ has more rotation
Upper Cervical Spine
What movement is being done based off of these characteristics?
• Some rolling at the atlanto-occipital joint
• Sliding inferiorly of the articular facets on the
side of ________.
• There is some spinal coupling of ______ rotation.
Lateral Flexion of cervical spine
What type of vertebrae are related to these characteristics?
▪️Bodies are thicker; in-between _____ and _____.
▪️Vertebral canal is narrower
▪️Articular facets are in the front plane with a mild forward slope
▪️laminae are short and thick
▪️spinous processes are downward sloping
Thoracic vertebrae (typical) Cervical, Lumbar
Which vertebrae is characterized by this……
• Has a full superior costal facet that accepts the entire head of _____ rib, inferior and a partial facet that accepts part of the _____ rib
• Spinous process prominent
T1
First, Second
What vertebrae carries these characteristics?
• Have a single full costal facet for articulation with the heads of the ___ and ___rib
• The neck of ribs ___ and ___ do not form articulations with corresponding transverse processes
T11-T12
11th, 12th
11, 12
Approximately ______ flexion, ______extension _____rotation, _____lateral flexion degrees of motion
• This is the cumulative range of motion over each
intervertebral joint
• Extremes of motion limited by the downward-sloping
spinous processes
• Amount of flexion/extension increases in the cranial to
caudal direction
• Although the orientation of the thoracic facets favor
lateral flexion potential for movement never fully
realized
30-40*
30-35*
20-35*
25-30* (45*)
Which vertebrae region is this?
• Body—wider then deep—large to support the weight of the trunk.
• Transverse processes—slender, project laterally
• Superior articular facets—slightly concave, have mammilary bodies
• Inferior articular facets,slightly convex, except ___ flat
• Spinous processes, stout and rectangular
• Facets are orientated vertically, favoring sagittal plane movement
• About ___flexion and ___degrees extension in the lumbar spine
• Some lateral flexion ___and a little rotation ___degrees
Lumbar Vertebrae
L5
50,15,20,5
Where does the spinal cord end?
What does the Lumbar vertebral canal contain?
- Spinal cord ends at about L1
* Vertebral canal-triangular, contains cauda equina
