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PTA 207 PA2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the spine?

A 
▪️Cervical = 7
▪️Thoracic = 12
▪️Lumbar = 5
▪️Sacrum = 5
▪️Coccygeal = 4
(33 Total)
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2
Q

In the role of spinal activity what types of muscles are important stabilizers of the spine? What are there attachments and stabilizing roles?

A

▪️Superficial (Global) - little to no attachment to vertebrae; stabilizes multiple segments.
▪️Segmental (Deep) - direct attachment to vertebra; stabilizes individual segments.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of global muscles?

A

■Superficial: farther from axis of motion
■Cross multiple vertebral segments
■Produce motion and provide large guy wire function
■Compressive loading with strong contractions

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of Segmental muscles?

A

■Deep: closer to axis of motion
■Attach to each vertebral segment
■Control segmental motion; segmental guy wire function
■Greater percentage of type I muscle fibers for muscular endurance

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5
Q

What are the global muscles of the lumbar region?

A 
■Rectus abdominis 
■External and internal obliques 
■Quadratus lumborum (lateral portion) 
■Erector spinae 
■Iliopsoas
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6
Q

What are the global muscles of the cervical region?

A 
■Sternocleidomastoid 
■Scalene 
■Levator scapulae 
■Upper trapezius 
■Erector spinae
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7
Q

What are the segmental muscles of the lumbar region?

A

■Transversus abdominis
■Multifidus
■Quadratus lumborum (deep portion)
■Deep rotators

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8
Q

What are the segmental muscles of the cervical region?

A

■Rectus capitis anterior and lateralis

■Longus colli

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9
Q

What is considered the trunk of a person (skeletal)?

A

▪️Sternum

▪️Ribs

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10
Q

What is the vertebral column referred to?

A

The entire set of vertebrae, excluding the ribs, sternum, pelvis.

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11
Q

What are the curves and degrees of the cervical spine?

A

Cervical Loridosis 30-35*

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12
Q

What are the curves and degrees of the thoracic spine?

A

Thoracic Kyphosis 40*

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13
Q

What are the curves and degrees of the lumbar spine?

A

Lumbar Loridosis 40-45*

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14
Q

What are the points in the body’s line of gravity (Sagittal)?

A 
▪️Lobe of ear (at mastoid process)
▪️Anterior to 2nd sacral vertebra (slightly)
▪️Posterior to hip joint axis (slightly)
▪️Posterior to knee joint (slightly)
▪️Anterior to the ankle joint
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15
Q

When turning head left, which way does the atlas slide?

A

Anterior slide

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16
Q

When turning head right, which way does atlas slide?

A

Posterior slide

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17
Q

Which cervical vertebrae’s primary function is to
support the head?

A

C1 Atlas

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18
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has no body, pedicle,lamina, or spinous process?

A

C1 Atlas

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19
Q

Which cervical vertebra has a vertebral canal—triangular,largest in cervical region?

A

C1 Atlas

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20
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has a transverse processes largest in cervical region?

A

C1 Atlas

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21
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has two lateral masses joined by anterior and posterior arches?

A

C1 Atlas

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22
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has a body—large and tall, base for dens (odontoid process) which projects upward and provides a rigid vertical axis for rotation of the atlas and head?

A

C2 Axis

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23
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has superior articular facets that are flat to slightly convex?

A

C2 Axis

24
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has inferior articular facets that are flat?

A

C2 Axis

25
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has the spinous process—largest of cervical region, bifid?

A

C2 Axis

26
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has a vertebral canal—large and triangular transverse processes—from anterior and posterior tubercles?

A

C2 Axis

27
Q

Which cervical vertebrae is named the “vertebral prominens” and is very similar to typical C-vertebrae but with a spinous process that is very large?

A

C7 Vertebral Prominens

28
Q

What are the three parts associated with movement and stability of the cervical intervertebral junction?

A

1) the interbody joint - disk (cartilaginous/synarthrosis joint)
2) apophyseal joints - articular facets (synovial joint)
3) the transverse and spinous processes

29
Q

What is the name and characteristics of the joint that absorbs shock and distributes load throughout the vertebral column?

A

The interbody joint - disk (synarthrosis joint)
▪️provides intervertebral stability
▪️serves as the approximate site of the axes of rotation for movement
▪️functions as a deformable intervertebral spacer

30
Q

What is the arthrokinematic term for facets that move closer to each other, usually by a compressive force?
Examples are extension or increased lordosis of the lumbar spine

A

Approximation

31
Q

What is the arthrokinematic term for facets that move away from each other, usually by a distraction force?
Example manual traction.

A

Separation or Gapping

32
Q

What is the arthrokinematic term for a facet that moves in a linear or curvilinear direction, caused by a force tangential to
joint surface?
Example flexion-extension of the mid to lower cervical spine

A

Sliding

33
Q

What is the arthrokinematic term that is typically considered
the close-packed position of ALL the apophyseal joints across the vertebral column as it maximizes articular contact, although ligaments are not necessary all on tension?

A

Neutral or slightly Extended

34
Q

◾️Distribution of weight
◾️Absorption of force
◾️Transfer of ground reaction forces
What are the structural components enabled by? What are some examples?

A 
If an efficient state, the CORE:
▪️Spine body 
▪️Spinous Process 
▪️Transverse Process 
▪️Disc: Annulus Fibrosis,Nucleus Pulposus
35
Q

Parts of the Ribs and Thoracic Spine…

A

Online

36
Q

Where or how does flexion and extension generally occur in the cervical vertebrae?

A

Cranial to Caudal

37
Q

Where are the 3 places that the cervical spine axis of rotation run through?

A

▪️Condyles
▪️Dens
▪️Bodies

38
Q

In the osteokinematics of cervical flexion and extension movement is generally limited by?

A

Ligaments and/or annulus fibrosis (disc)

39
Q

Volume of cervical vertebral canal is GREATEST in full ____ and LEAST in full ____.

A

Flexion,Extension

40
Q

What is a serious risk with someone who has spinal stenosis of the cervical spine?

A

SCI - Spinal Cord Injury

41
Q

How many degrees of flexion and extension can the Atlanto-occipital joint and Atlanto-axial joint perform?

A
  • Atlanto-occipital joint: flexion 5, extension 10

* Atlanto-axial joint: flexion 5, extension 10

42
Q

How many degrees of flexion and extension can the Intracervical region perform? What makes up this region?

A 
Intracervical region (C2-C7) 
• Flexion: 35- 40
• Extension 55-60
43
Q

What is the total amount of flexion and extension that can be performed throughout the cervical region?

A

◾️FLEXION 45-50*
◾️EXTENSION 75-80*

44
Q

In the Atlanto-occipital joint the ______ condyles of the occipital bone rock backwards in ______, and forward in _____ within the
_____ superior articular facets of the atlas, there is a slight slide.

A

Convex, Extension, Flexion, Concave

45
Q

In the ________ joint complex, ring-shaped _____ pivots _____during flexion and _____during extension.

A

Atlanta-occipital, Atlas, Forward, Backward

46
Q

What joint and part slides in the cervical region?

A

Intracervical apophyseal joints - Facets slide

47
Q

What involves flexion of lower-mid cervical region and extension of the upper cervical region?

A

Protraction C1-C2

48
Q

What involves extension of lower-mid cervical region and flexion of the upper cervical region?

A

Retraction C1-C2

49
Q

During Axial rotation, Ring-shaped dens twist about the dens producing how many degrees of a axial rotation in each direction?

A

40-45*

50
Q

Rotation guided by spatial orientation of the facet surfaces within apophyseal joints slide on each other and the _______ has more rotation

A

Upper Cervical Spine

51
Q

What movement is being done based off of these characteristics?
• Some rolling at the atlanto-occipital joint
• Sliding inferiorly of the articular facets on the
side of ________.
• There is some spinal coupling of ______ rotation.

A

Lateral Flexion of cervical spine

52
Q

What type of vertebrae are related to these characteristics?
▪️Bodies are thicker; in-between _____ and _____.
▪️Vertebral canal is narrower
▪️Articular facets are in the front plane with a mild forward slope
▪️laminae are short and thick
▪️spinous processes are downward sloping

A 
Thoracic vertebrae (typical)
Cervical, Lumbar
53
Q

Which vertebrae is characterized by this……
• Has a full superior costal facet that accepts the entire head of _____ rib, inferior and a partial facet that accepts part of the _____ rib
• Spinous process prominent

A

T1

First, Second

54
Q

What vertebrae carries these characteristics?
• Have a single full costal facet for articulation with the heads of the ___ and ___rib
• The neck of ribs ___ and ___ do not form articulations with corresponding transverse processes

A

T11-T12
11th, 12th
11, 12

55
Q

Approximately ______ flexion, ______extension _____rotation, _____lateral flexion degrees of motion
• This is the cumulative range of motion over each
intervertebral joint
• Extremes of motion limited by the downward-sloping
spinous processes
• Amount of flexion/extension increases in the cranial to
caudal direction
• Although the orientation of the thoracic facets favor
lateral flexion potential for movement never fully
realized

A

30-40*
30-35*
20-35*
25-30* (45*)

56
Q

Which vertebrae region is this?
• Body—wider then deep—large to support the weight of the trunk.
• Transverse processes—slender, project laterally
• Superior articular facets—slightly concave, have mammilary bodies
• Inferior articular facets,slightly convex, except ___ flat
• Spinous processes, stout and rectangular
• Facets are orientated vertically, favoring sagittal plane movement
• About ___flexion and ___degrees extension in the lumbar spine
• Some lateral flexion ___and a little rotation ___degrees

A

Lumbar Vertebrae
L5
50,15,20,5

57
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

What does the Lumbar vertebral canal contain?

A
  • Spinal cord ends at about L1

* Vertebral canal-triangular, contains cauda equina

PTA 207 PA2 (2 decks)

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