Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biol 2051 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define microbiology?

A

The study of microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

cellular and noncellular organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do you find microorganisms?

A

on things where they can eat so that they can grow and divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many microorganisms are estimated to be on Earth?

A

25 x 10^29

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How long have microorganisms been on Earth?

A

4 billion years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do microorganisms impact our lives through disease?

A

cause and treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do microorganisms impact our lives through agriculture?

A

microbes help plants absorb the nutrients they need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do microorganisms impact our lives through food?

A

beer, yogurt, cheese; microbes are used to make a lot of our food; call also spoil them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do microorganisms impact our lives through energy?

A

biofuels; microbes can help convert different plants into enthanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do microorganisms impact our lives through biotechnology

A

use of microorganisms in industrial biosynthesis, typically by microorganisms that have been genetically modified to synthesize products (ex. Insulin) of high commercial value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 6 abilities/characteristics of living cells.

A

metabolism, reproduction, communication, differentiation, movement, and evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who was the first to use a microscope to see microorganisms?

A

Robert Hooke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did Robert Hooke see?

A

cork cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of microscopy did Robert Hooke use?

A

glorified magnifying glass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who was the first to use a microscope to see bacteria?

A

Van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do we know that Van Leeuwenhoek saw bacteria?

A

he drew and took pictures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of microscopy did Leeuwenhoek use?

A

magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List at least 4 ways microscopy is useful

A

allows cell shape and arragnement to be seen, structures to be seen, pathogens to be seen among animal cells, and distinguish gram-positive from gram-negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the four types of light microscopy?

A

brightfield, phase contrast, darkfield and fluorescent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What must be done to a microorganism to be able to see it with brightfield light microscopy?

A

must be stained and only uses light source and lenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which types of light microscopy allow you to view a live sample?

A

Phase contrast and Darkfield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the maximum resolution of a compound light microscope?

A

0.2 microns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe what is meant by the resolution.

A

this means that objects clsoer than 0.2 microns cannot be resolves as distinct and separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopy?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Transmission Electron Microscope?

A

for observing internal cell structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Scanning Electron Microscope?

A

for 3D imaging and viewing surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the maximum resolution of an electron microscope?

A

0.2-0.4 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the smallest microbial cell size discovered thus far?

A

0.2 microns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Would a cell that is 0.2 microns have a high or a low surface area-to-volume ratio compared to an average eukaryotic cell?

A

high surface area-to-volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the significance of a cell having a high surface area-to-volume ratio?

A

aids in nutrient and waste exchange with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Discuss the problems a cell might have if it were less than 0.2 microns.

A

smaller than this doesn’t allow them to house everything they need to make a living cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What microorganisms have a phospholipid bilayer form their cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Bacteria and Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What microorganisms have a lipid monolayer form their cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does a phospholipid bilayer made of?

A

fatty acid, glycerol, phosphate, and ester linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does a lipid monolayer made of?

A

glycerol and ether linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What advantage would microorganisms with lipid monolayer have over those with a lipid bilayer?

A

more resistant to peeling apart than bilayers, no hydrophobic interaction, and stronger than bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

permeability barriers, protein anchor, transport, and energy conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is meant by permeability barriers?

A

prevents leakage, functions as a gateway for transport of nutrients into and wastes out of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is meant by protein anchor?

A

site of many proteins that participate in transport, bioenergetics and chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is meant by energy conservation?

A

site of generation and use of the proton motive force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the three classes of transport systems?

A

simple transport, group translocation, and ABC transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is simple transport?

A

driven by the energy in the proton motive force, one in and one out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is group translocation?

A

chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

44
Q

What is ABC transport?

A

periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

45
Q

Where are transport systems located in the cell?

A

proteins that are in the membrane

46
Q

What are transport systems made of?

A

12 polypeptides that weave back and for through the membrane to form channels

47
Q

What are the three types of transport events?

A

uniport, symport, and antiport

48
Q

What is uniport?

A

proteins that carry a substance unidirectional across membrane either in or out

49
Q

What is symport?

A

cotransporters, they transport molecules along with a 2nd substance, typically a proton

50
Q

What is antiport?

A

are proteins that transport one substance into the cell while simultaneously transporting a second substance out

51
Q

What proteins make up the eukaryotic cytoskeleton>

A

polymers of actin (microfilaments) and polymers of tubulin (microtubules)

52
Q

What function is common to both microfilaments and microtubules?

A

maintain cell shape

53
Q

What functions are unique to microtubules?

A

cell motility by flagella and cilia

54
Q

What functions are unique to microfilaments?

A

cell motility by cytoplasmic streaming

55
Q

What prokaryotic proteins are similar to the eukaryotic proteins, actin and tubulin?

A

Fts Z is similar to tubulin and Fts A and Mre B are similar to actin

56
Q

What is Fts Z?

A

it determines where cell division will occur

57
Q

What is Fts A and Mre B?

A

Fts A helps hold Fts Z proteins in place and Mre B proteins determine where new cell walls will be inserted in an expanding, diving cell

58
Q

What is the difference between mitochondrion and hydrogenosomes?

A

mitochondrion are found in aerobic cells whereas hydrogenosomes are found in anaerobic cells

59
Q

Which organelles produce ATP for the cell?

A

mitochondrion

60
Q

Which organelles are made of continuous membrane system?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

61
Q

Which organelles are double-membrane bound?

A

chloroplast

62
Q

Describe the flow of information within the cell for a digestive enzyme starting with the DNA in the nucleus.

A

Nucleolus –> travels through nucleus via pores on nuclear membrane –> rough ER (where ribosomes are waiting for mRNA) –> could go to smooth ER if involved in carbohydrates or lipid synthesis since it’s digestive it goes toward Golgi to be packaged –> golgi sends it lysosome

63
Q

In what ways are members of Planctomycetes like prokaryotic cells?

A

has ribosomes, nuclear envelope with nucleoid, structures that look like rough ER

64
Q

Where is the cell wall located relative to the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

outside of cytoplasmic membrane

65
Q

What bacteria lack cell wall?

A

mycoplasma and chlamydia

66
Q

what are most Bacteria cell walls made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

67
Q

The amount of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of Bacteria distinguishes what types of Bacteria?

A

gram-negative and gram-positive

68
Q

Describe the peptidoglycan structure.

A

N-Acetlyglucosamine (G) linked to N-Acetlymuramic Acid (M) by beta 1,4 oxygen with a tetrapeptide crosslink

69
Q

The glycosidic bond between the two N-acteyl-glucose sugars in the peptidoglycan can be cleaved by what enzyme?

A

lysozyme because it weakens the wall and allows the cell to be opened to lysis

70
Q

Describe what would happen if a bacterial cell were put in a solution with lysozyme added.

A

The cell would undergo osmotic lysis

71
Q

Describe the Gram-positive cell wall.

A

many layers o peptidoglycan, as it synthesized, it become cross-linked to form an even stronger cell wall structure

72
Q

What is the function of teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids?

A

teichoic acids: negatively charged polymers containing glycerphosphate or ribiol residues, binding Calcium and Magnesium
lipoteichoic acids: teichoic acids covalently linked to membrane lipids

73
Q

Describe the Gram-negative cell wall.

A

bacteria have only a few layers of peptidoglycan and membrane on the outside is more wavy and irregular

74
Q

What is the lipopolysaccharide layer?

A

two components made up of core polysaccharides and O-specific polysaccharides

75
Q

What part of the LPS is toxic?

A

the outer membrane, Lipid A-endotoxin

76
Q

What is the difference between pseudomurien and peptidoglycan?

A

pseudomurien: N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acteylminuronic acid, beta 1,3 bond and L-stereoisomer
peptidoglycan: N-acetylglucosamine, and N-Acetylmurmaic acid, beat 1,4 bond

77
Q

What types of cell walls are found in Archaea species?

A

pseudomurien and polysaccharide cell walls

78
Q

What types of cell walls are found in Eukarya species?

A

protein, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides

79
Q

What is the difference between cellulose and chitin?

A

cellulose is a polymer of glucose and chitin is a polymer of N-acetlyglucosamine

80
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall?

A

protection, maintain cell shape, prevents osmotic lysis, and interacts with envrionment

81
Q

How are the species of Mycoplasma and Chlamydia similar?

A

both lack cell walls

82
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

short protein filaments that use their stickiness to attach to things

83
Q

What is a pilus?

A

longer protein filaments; conjugation motility adhesion of pathogens to host tissue with a tube connecting them so that they can share genetic information

84
Q

Where would an S-layer be found?

A

the outer most cell wall made of interlocking molecules of protein or glycoprotein

85
Q

What is the purpose of the S-layer?

A

to withstand osmotic pressures without other walls

86
Q

Call all bacteria forma a capsule?

A

if there is enough energy

87
Q

What is a capsule made of?

A

polysaccharides and peptide layers that grow and protect whatever is around the cell

88
Q

Slime is made for what purpose?

A

Motility

89
Q

What type of microorganisms make slime?

A

prokaryotes

90
Q

Movement using slime secretion is called what?

A

gliding

91
Q

List the three mechanisms of gliding.

A

Slime secretion, twitching motility, and Ratchet-Protein mechanism

92
Q

What are the three main parts of the prokaryotic flagellum?

A

filament, hook, motor

93
Q

What is the filament in the flagellum for?

A

composed of many proteins called flagelin

94
Q

What is the hook in the flagellum for?

A

consist of a single type of protein and connects the filament to the flagellum motor

95
Q

What is the motor in the flagellum for?

A

anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall consist of a central rod that passes through a series of rings

96
Q

What are taxes?

A

directed movement toward or away form a chemical or physical signal

97
Q

What are the three types of taxes?

A

chemotaxis, phototaxis, and aerotaxis

98
Q

What does a cell use to sense the environment?

A

sensory proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane that interact with the environment

99
Q

How do cyanobacterium could move to obtain optimum wavelengths of light for photosynthesis?

A

gas vesicles

100
Q

Where do gram-negative purple sulfur bacteria store sulfur?

A

periplasm

101
Q

What does the carboxysome store for some bacteria and cyanobacteria?

A

carbon and oxygen separately

102
Q

Describe the process of sporulation.

A

the endospore is a t a vegetative state –> cell division (elongating) and forming of the prespore septum and the mother cell –> mother cell engulfs the prespore –> the cortex, the cell wall, and the cytoplasmic membrane form –> coat forms –> cell lysis and free endospore is formed and there is no longer the cell that was around at the vegetative state

103
Q

How does the structure of an endospore help it to be a survival structure?

A

the layers and layers and layers of the spore coat, cortex, exosporium, core wall, and core

104
Q

Where is an endospore formed?

A

terminal, subterminal, central

105
Q

Describe the process of germination

A

when conditions become favorable the spore transforms into vegetative cell genetically identical to the vegetative cell that made the spore

106
Q

What age is the oldest known endospore to have germinated? Where was the endospore found?

A

250 million years ago in Salt Crystals of Permian age

107
Q

Name at least 3 genera of bacteria that form endospores.

A

clostridium, thermoactinomyces, bacillus

Biol 2051 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions