Exam 1

Question 1

Logic

Answer 1

the study of the standards and methods of correct reasoning

Question 2

critical thinking

Answer 2

the careful application of reason in the determination of whether a claim is true

Question 3

informative language

Answer 3

language that transmits information

ex. Today is Wednesday

Question 4

expressive language

Answer 4

language used to express emotions

ex. I am sad

Question 5

ceremonial language

Answer 5

language that serves some sort of ritual function

ex. in a religious service, ritual greetings

Question 6

directive language

Answer 6

language used to tell people what to do

ex. please turn in your homework

Question 7

performative language

Answer 7

language that performs the function it announces, brings about a change in status

ex. when you are pronounce married

Question 8

denotation

Answer 8

the object to which the word refers

Question 9

connotation

Answer 9

the emotional reactions a word elicits (how it makes you feel)

Question 10

euphemism

Answer 10

taking a word with a negative connotation and replacing it with a word that has a more positive connotation

ex. passing away instead of dying

Question 11

dysphemism

Answer 11

taking a word with a positive or neutral connotation and replacing it with a word that has a more negative connotation

ex. looney bin for mental hospital

Question 12

vagueness

Answer 12

using words or phrases that do not have a clear denotation

Question 13

ambiguity

Answer 13

when a word or sentence can be interpreted in more than one way

Question 14

equivocation

Answer 14

when a word or phrase has more than one denotation and we switch between those denotation

Question 15

amphibology

Answer 15

when the grammar of a sentence is ambiguous and we aren’t sure which meaning is intended

Question 16

accentuation

Answer 16

changing the meaning of a statement by changing the tone with which one pronounces or emphasizes certain words

Question 17

weasel words

Answer 17

words inserted into a claim that make it weaker than it initially appears

ex. save UP TO % off

Question 18

jargon

Answer 18

using a highly complex / technical vocabulary to make something seem more complex than it is or to mask poor thinking

Question 19

definiendum

Answer 19

a word or symbol being defined

Question 20

definiens

Answer 20

the definition of a word

Question 21

linguistic definition

Answer 21

a report of the meaning a word has in actual language use

Question 22

theoretical definition

Answer 22

a definition that attempts to formulate a theoretically adequate or scientifically useful definition of the object to with the term applies

Question 23

stimulative definition

Answer 23

a proposal to assign meaning to a newly introduced word or symbol

Question 24

persuasive definition

Answer 24

a definition intended to influence attitudes or stir emotions

Question 25

define etymologically

Answer 25

defining a word or concept by looking at its origin or history

Question 26

definition by genus and difference

Answer 26

defining a term by identifying the larger class of which it is a member (genus) and then specifying the characteristic that distinguishes it from other members of that group (difference)

Question 27

operational definition

Answer 27

defining a term as the outcome of some operation or procedure

Question 28

argument

Answer 28

a group of propositions in which the truth of at least one proposition is supported by the trash of the other propositions

Question 29

premise

Answer 29

the proposition in an agreement that supports the truth of another proposition

Question 30

conclusion

Answer 30

the proposition in an argument whore truth is supported by the trust of the other propositions

Question 31

deductive argument

Answer 31

an argument asserts that the trash of the premises guarantees the trust of the conclusion

Question 32

inductive argument

Answer 32

an argument asserts that the truth of the premises make the conclusion more likely

Question 33

enumerative induction

Answer 33

a generalization drawn about an entire group based on observations of a subset of that group

Question 34

analogical induction

Answer 34

two or more things are similar in several ways, therefore they are probably similar in further ways