Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Logic

A

the study of the standards and methods of correct reasoning

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2
Q

critical thinking

A

the careful application of reason in the determination of whether a claim is true

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3
Q

informative language

A

language that transmits information

ex. Today is Wednesday

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4
Q

expressive language

A

language used to express emotions

ex. I am sad

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5
Q

ceremonial language

A

language that serves some sort of ritual function

ex. in a religious service, ritual greetings

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6
Q

directive language

A

language used to tell people what to do

ex. please turn in your homework

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7
Q

performative language

A

language that performs the function it announces, brings about a change in status

ex. when you are pronounce married

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8
Q

denotation

A

the object to which the word refers

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9
Q

connotation

A

the emotional reactions a word elicits (how it makes you feel)

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10
Q

euphemism

A

taking a word with a negative connotation and replacing it with a word that has a more positive connotation

ex. passing away instead of dying

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11
Q

dysphemism

A

taking a word with a positive or neutral connotation and replacing it with a word that has a more negative connotation

ex. looney bin for mental hospital

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12
Q

vagueness

A

using words or phrases that do not have a clear denotation

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13
Q

ambiguity

A

when a word or sentence can be interpreted in more than one way

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14
Q

equivocation

A

when a word or phrase has more than one denotation and we switch between those denotation

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15
Q

amphibology

A

when the grammar of a sentence is ambiguous and we aren’t sure which meaning is intended

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16
Q

accentuation

A

changing the meaning of a statement by changing the tone with which one pronounces or emphasizes certain words

17
Q

weasel words

A

words inserted into a claim that make it weaker than it initially appears

ex. save UP TO % off

18
Q

jargon

A

using a highly complex / technical vocabulary to make something seem more complex than it is or to mask poor thinking

19
Q

definiendum

A

a word or symbol being defined

20
Q

definiens

A

the definition of a word

21
Q

linguistic definition

A

a report of the meaning a word has in actual language use

22
Q

theoretical definition

A

a definition that attempts to formulate a theoretically adequate or scientifically useful definition of the object to with the term applies

23
Q

stimulative definition

A

a proposal to assign meaning to a newly introduced word or symbol

24
Q

persuasive definition

A

a definition intended to influence attitudes or stir emotions

25
define etymologically
defining a word or concept by looking at its origin or history
26
definition by genus and difference
defining a term by identifying the larger class of which it is a member (genus) and then specifying the characteristic that distinguishes it from other members of that group (difference)
27
operational definition
defining a term as the outcome of some operation or procedure
28
argument
a group of propositions in which the truth of at least one proposition is supported by the trash of the other propositions
29
premise
the proposition in an agreement that supports the truth of another proposition
30
conclusion
the proposition in an argument whore truth is supported by the trust of the other propositions
31
deductive argument
an argument asserts that the trash of the premises guarantees the trust of the conclusion
32
inductive argument
an argument asserts that the truth of the premises make the conclusion more likely
33
enumerative induction
a generalization drawn about an entire group based on observations of a subset of that group
34
analogical induction
two or more things are similar in several ways, therefore they are probably similar in further ways