exam 1

Question 1

descriptive research

Answer 1

examines group differences, relationships among variables through observations
-DESCRIBING. NOT INTERFERE OR CHANGE

Question 2

experimental research

Answer 2

looks at cause-effect through manipulation of certain variables on measures under controlled conditions.

Question 3

experimental design

Answer 3

-manipulates 1+ variables while using CONTROL mechanisms to evaluate change in behavior/outcome measure

Question 4

single subject experimental designs

Answer 4

small number of participants (usually less tan 5)

-ex control mechanisms= baselines, rapid alt, withdrawal

Question 5

group experimental designs

Answer 5

large number of participants (usually greater than 10 per group)
-control mechanism= control group (random best)

Question 6

correlational study

Answer 6

large number of participants
relationship among measures
measures at one time
early measures to later outcome measures

Question 7

case study

Answer 7

descriptive research design
describe unique case
describe small treatment study- no control mechanism

Question 8

dependent variable

Answer 8

outcome measure(s)

• the effect you measure
• measure that answers your research question

Question 9

independent variable

Answer 9

the cause or factors that influence the measure or DV

Question 10

active IV

Answer 10

manipulated by investigators

Question 11

assigned IV

Answer 11

inherent characteristics of subjects, not manipulated by investigators, presumed to effect DV

Question 12

part of a research paper

Answer 12

• abstract
• intro
• methods
• results
• discussion

Question 13

nominal data

Answer 13

mutually exclusive categories. naming

ex. type of hearing loss (SN or conductive). type of communication disorder, etc

Question 14

ordinal data

Answer 14

mutually exclusive categories rank orders

• mild, moderate, severe
• low,middle, high

Question 15

interval data

Answer 15

mutually exclusive categories rank orders- CONTINUOUS MEASURES

• equivalent units throughout the scale
• ex. standard tests on scores
• NO ZERO (percentile ranks)
• likert type of rating scales

Question 16

ratio data

Answer 16

rank orders
equivalent units
ABSOLUTE ZERO
-ex. duration, dB of HL, number of disarticulations, raw scores on tests, etc

Question 17

negatively skewed data

Answer 17

floor effect

-our measure was too hard and everyone failed

Question 18

positively skewed data

Answer 18

ceiling effect

measure was too easy, everyone clustered toward the high end

Question 19

correlations

Answer 19

info about the direction and strength of relationships

• how associated 2 measures/variables are
• the closer to 1 the stronger the relationship

Question 20

multiple regression correlation

Answer 20

look at relative predictive value/strength of relationship between numerous variables and an outcome variable
-looks at more than 2 measures

Question 21

type 1 error

Answer 21

(p value) probability of saying there’s a difference between the groups when in actuality there’s not really a difference

Question 22

type II error

Answer 22

finding that there’s not a difference between groups when there really is a difference

Question 23

post hoc comparisons

Answer 23

when there’s more than 2 groups the ANOVA tells you there’s a difference somewhere - but post hoc tells you where the difference in within the groups

Question 24

MANOVA

Answer 24

multivariate analysis of variance

more than one dependent variable

Question 25

two way/three way ANOVA

Answer 25

more than one independent variable in a single analysis

-looks at significance for each IV, and also for interactions between the IVs