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Paleontology 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tree of life

A

branching, tree-like structure !
representing the evolutionary divergence !
of all living creatures

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2
Q

Why study tree of life?

A
  • one main goal of modern science
  • largest framework for studying evolution
  • can make our lives better
  • name and characterize the living world
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3
Q

Taxon

A

a group of organisms that is or could be named

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4
Q

Systematics

A

the study of the diversity of organisms and the relationships among them

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5
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary relationships among species and higher groups of species

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6
Q

taxonomy

A

the theory and practice of classifying organisms

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7
Q

evolutionary tree

A

a branching diagram that portrays ancestor-descendent relationships over actual time

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8
Q

cladogram

A

branching diagram that portrays proximity of evolutionary relationship without explicit temporal dimension

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9
Q

monophyletic group

A

a group of species that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants

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10
Q

paraphyletic group

A

a group of species that consists of a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendants

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11
Q

polyphyletic group

A

a group of species whose members do not derive from a single common ancestor within the group

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12
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

A

The study of the diversity of organisms based upon their phylogenetic relationships

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13
Q

parsimonius

A

KISS

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14
Q

importance of taxonomy

A
  • to accurately interpret fossil deposits, it is necessary to strip away the taphonomic overprinting
  • important components that promote preservation
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15
Q

taphonomy

A

the study of the transition of organic remains from the biosphere into the lithosphere

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16
Q

history of an organism/fossil

A 
1 birth
2 growth (ontogeny)
3 mode/ place of death
4 transport
5 post burial history
6 fossil
7 discovery
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17
Q

biostratinomy

A 
perservational/destructional processes occuring between the death of the organism and the final burial in the sediment
1 death
2 transport
3 disarticulation
4 decay
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18
Q

fossil diagenesis

A 
processes during shallow burial
1 burial
2 fossilization
3 exposure
4 collection
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19
Q

actuopaleontology

A

study of present day post mortem processes to gain insight into taphonomy and other aspects of paleontology

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20
Q

corrasion

A

state of wear from any or combination of processes:
abrasion - physical process
bio erosion - biological skeletal reduction
dissolution - removal of unstable mineral

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21
Q

lagerstatte

A

sedimentary deposit with exceptionally good preservation of skeletal and organic remains

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22
Q

concentration Lagerstatten

A

occurence is remarkable because of abundance of specimens

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23
Q

conservation

A

preservation of unusual quality

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24
Q

coquina

A

shell bed

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25
Q

bone bed

A

bed of bones

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26
Q

condensation deposits

A

decreased rate of sedimentation

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27
Q

placer deposits

A

concentration by flow of water

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28
Q

concentration traps

A

cases and holes

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29
Q

stagnation deposits

A

decreased microbial decomposition

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30
Q

obrution deposits

A

transport of organisms to an envirtonment with exceptional preservation

31
Q

conservation traps

A

traps with exceptional preservation potential

32
Q

preservation types

A
  • microbial mats
  • carbon clay films
  • pyritization
  • phosphatization
  • silicifiation
33
Q

modes of preservation

A
  • unaltered
  • permineralization
  • recrystallization
  • replacement
  • carbonization
34
Q

sampling biases

A
  • compositional
  • environmental
  • temporal
  • age classes
  • death assemblage
  • surveyor
35
Q

mega-biases

A

sea level change
climate change
atmosphere and ocean composition

36
Q

lithostratigraphy

A

how outcrops and paleoenvironments are related in space and time

37
Q

stratigraphy

A

study of layered sedimentary rocks - especially their formation and relationships

38
Q

facies

A

body of rock with specified characteristics

39
Q

lithofacies

A

consistent lithologic character within a formation

40
Q

formation

A

rock unit with identifiable and distinctive lithic characteristics that is mappable on earth’s surface

41
Q 
eon
era
period
epoch
age
A 
eon - eonothem
era - erathem
period - system
spoch - series
age - stage
42
Q

walther’s law of correlation

A

facies that occur in confomable vertical successions of strata also occur in laterally adjacent environments

43
Q

correlation

A

process of demonstrating the sorrespondence of geographically separated parts of a geologic unit

44
Q

biostratigraphy

A

study of the geometry, biotic composition, and the time relations of fossiliferous rocks

45
Q

index fossil

A

taxon that is useful for defining a particular period of time

  • rapid evolution
  • wide distribution
  • independent of sedimentary setting
  • distinctive morphology
  • high preservation potential
  • abundant
46
Q

biozone

A

rock defined by fossil content usually representing a particular interval of time

47
Q

FAD

A

first appearance datum

48
Q

LAD

A

last appearance of datum

49
Q

total range zone

A

global stratigraphic ranges of a taxon

50
Q

teilzone

A

local stratigraphic ranges of a taxon

51
Q

concurrent range zone

A

overlapping taxon range zones of 2 or more taxa

52
Q

interval zones

A

interval between two successive FADS or LADs

53
Q

assemblage zone

A

3 or more taxa in natural assemblage

54
Q

abundance zone

A

when index species reaches a higher level of abundance

55
Q

Eons

A

archean > proterozoic > precambrian > phanerozoic

56
Q

uniformitarianism vs catastrophism

A

present key to past - past key to present
extinction - mass extinction
speciaton - adaptive radiation
sequence stratigraphy - event stratigraphy
cyclic patterns - episodic patterns

57
Q

eustasy

A

change of sea level throughout the world

58
Q

eustatic changes: tectonism

A

1st order cycles - 200-400 My - formation/break of continents
2nd order cycles - 10 - 100 My - rates of sea floor spreading
3rd order? - 1 - 10 My - unknown

59
Q

eustatic changes: glaciation - 4th order cycle

A

cyclotherms - 20K-400K - form/melt ice sheets
eccentricity - 100K - 400K - change in earth’s orbit around sun
obliquity - 41K - earth’s tilt
precession - 22.5K - wobble of earth’s axis

60
Q

eustatic changes: thermal expansion

A

short term

61
Q

sequence stratigraphy

A

depositional sequences and processes that produce them

62
Q

sequence

A

succession of genetically related strata bounded on top and bottom by unconformities

63
Q

(paleo)biogeography

A

study of geographical distribution of (ancient) organisms

  • determines climate/environmental factors that influence life
  • determines ecology and what other species life comes in contact with
  • determines the divergence and speciation of life
64
Q

vicariance

A

geographical separation of a population typically by physical barrier resulting in a pair of closely related species

65
Q

dispersal

A

tendency of an organism to move away from source area

66
Q

dispersal routes: corridor

A

areas with virtually no barriers to dispersal
where organisms can move freely from one spot to
another

67
Q

dispersal routes: filter bridge

A

connections that are more selective, i.e.,

not all organisms can move through them successfully

68
Q

dispersal routes: Sweepstakes Routes

A

connections that are extremely

tenuous and aren’t normally traversed by organisms

69
Q

dispersal routes: Noah’s Ark

A

where the living fauna on a rifted plate is
carried until it docks with another area adding new
components

70
Q

dispersal routes: Beached Viking Funeral Ships

A

components incorporated

into the fossil record that are moved by plate tectonics

71
Q

dispersal routes: Escalator Counterflow and Hopping

A

related to plate

motion and things either staying in place or island jumping

72
Q

Simpson Coefficient

A

C/N x 100 (where C is the # of taxa in

common between two areas and N is the total # of taxa

73
Q

Jaccard Coefficient

A

C/(A+B-C) (where C is the number of taxa in
common between two samples and A and B are the numbers of
unique taxa found in each of the two samples)

Paleontology 1 (1 decks)

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