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Chem Davis > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

biology

A

the science of hoe life works

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2
Q

observation

A

the act of viewing life around us

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3
Q

experimentation

A

a disciplined and controlled way of asking and answering questions about the world in an unbiased manner

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

observations and the questions they raise allow us to propose tentative questions that are observations

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5
Q

scientific method

A

observations > hypothesis > predictions > experiments/new observations > theory

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6
Q

theory

A

a general explanation of the world supported by a large body of experiments and observations

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7
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed- it can only be transformed from one form into another

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8
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

the degree of disorder in the universe tends to increase

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9
Q

entropy

A

the quantified amount of disorder in a system

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10
Q

cell

A

the simplest entity that can exist as an independent unit of life

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11
Q

protiens

A

key structural and functional molecules that do the work of the cell- provide structural support and act as catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions

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12
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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13
Q

transcription

A

the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template; copying of information from one form to another

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14
Q

translation

A

after transcription, specialized molecular structures within the cell read the RNA molecule to determine what building blocks to use to create a protien

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15
Q

central dogma

A

the pathway from DNA to RNA (specifically to form mRNA) to protein- describes the basic flow of information in a cell

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16
Q

gene

A

the DNA sequence that corresponds to a specific protein product

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17
Q

replicated

A

a feature of DNA that allows it to be easily copied, allowing genetic information to be passed from cell to cell or from one organism to its progeny

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18
Q

mutations

A

errors in DNA that occur during replication

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19
Q

plasma membrane

A

separates the living material within the cell from the nonliving envoirnment around it

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20
Q

nucleus

A

houses the cell’s DNA

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21
Q

cytoplasm

A

discrete space that nucleus occupies within the cell

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22
Q

prokaryotes

A

cells w/o a nucleus

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23
Q

eukaryotes

A

cells with a nucleus

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24
Q

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

A

3 domains of life

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25
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions that cells use to convert energy from one form to another and to build and break down molecules

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26
Q

evolution

A

change over time

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27
Q

envoirnmental variation

A

variation among individuals is sometimes due to differences in the environment

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28
Q

genetic variation

A

differences in genes that are transmitted from parents to their offspring

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29
Q

tree of life

A

the full set of evolutionary relationships among all organisms

30
Q

ecology

A

the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment in nature

31
Q

characteristics of living organisms

A

complex
able to change in response to the environment
able to reproduce
have the capacity to evolve

32
Q

essential features of a cell

A

can store and transmit information
has a plasma membrane
can harness energy from the environment

33
Q

virus vs cell

A

viruses cannot harness energy from the environment

34
Q

elements

A

pure substances that cannot be broken down further

35
Q

molecules

A

substances made up of two or more atoms

36
Q

chemical bond

A

a form of attraction between atoms that holds them together

37
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons in the outermost orbitals of an atom

38
Q

covalent bond

A

formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons in a molecular orbital

39
Q

electronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract electrons

40
Q

polar covalent bond

A

when electrons are shared unequally between 2 atoms

41
Q

hydrogen bond

A

the interaction of a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom. weaker than covalent bonds

42
Q

ionic bond

A

attraction of opposite charges

43
Q

polar molecule

A

a molecule (like water) that has regions of positive and negative charge

44
Q

hyrdophilic

A

“water loving” molecules

45
Q

hydrophobic

A

“water fearing” molecules

46
Q

solvent

A

capable of dissolving many substances

47
Q

hydrophobic effect

A

polar molecules (like water) exclude nonpolar ones

48
Q

double bond

A

two adjacent carbon atoms that share two pairs of electrons

49
Q

isomers

A

molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures

50
Q

nucleic acids

A

encode and transmit genetic information

51
Q

carbohydrates

A

provide a source of energy and make up the cell wall in plants, bacteria, and algae

52
Q

lipids

A

make up cell membranes, store energy, and act as signaling molecules
all lipids are hydrophobic

53
Q

polymers

A

complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bonds

54
Q

amino acids

A

nucleic acids made up of nucleotides

55
Q

nucleotides

A

form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA

56
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that function of catalysts that accelerate the rates of chemical reactions

57
Q

the nucleus

A

made up of positively charged particles called protons and electrically neutral particles called neutrons. negatively charged particles move around the ___

58
Q

orbital

A

defined region of space where an electron is most of the time

59
Q

water

A

medium of life
polar molecule w partial positive charge at hydrogens and partial negative charge at oxygens
pH of 7
able to resist temperature change more than other substances bc in order for its temp to increase, hydrogen bonds must first break

60
Q

4 major elements

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

61
Q

carbon atom

A

behaves as if it has four unpaired electrons

62
Q

nucleotides

A

___ are made up of 3 components
1 a five-carbon sugar
2 a base containing nitrogen
3 one or more phosphate groups

63
Q

what are the bases in nucleic acids?

A

single ring pyrimidines (T,C,U) & double ring purines (A,G)

64
Q

adjacent pairs of nucleotides are joined together by ___

A

phosphoditer bonds

65
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A
  • two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other in the form of a double helix
  • The sugar phosphate backbones wrap around the outside and the bases form complementary base-pairing A-T, G-C.
  • The base pairing in the middle results from hydrogen bonding between the bases.
66
Q

Monosaccharides are attached to one another by covalent bonds called ___

A

glycosidic bonds

67
Q

fatty acids

A

long chains of carbons attached to a carboxyl group at one end

68
Q

steroids

A

composed of many carbon atoms bonded to form rings

69
Q

phospholipids

A

composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty-acid chains, and a phosphate-containing head group

70
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

lipid used for energy storage

hydrophobic

71
Q

saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids

A

Fatty acids that do not contain double bonds are saturated (w hydrogen atoms)
Fatty acids with carbon-carbon double bonds are unsaturated

72
Q

___ of fatty acids contain no polar covalent bonds, and are uncharged.

A

hydrocarbon chains

Chem Davis (1 decks)

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