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MedSurg > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 things that describe inflammatory response?

A

Localized
Immediate
Beneficial
Non-specific

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2
Q

Why does the inflammatory response occur?

A

Establishes an environment suitable for repair in response to injury

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of inflammatory response?

A

Vascular Response

Cellular Response

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4
Q

What is vascular response?

A

Immediate vasodilation (brings blood to the area)

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5
Q

What is cellular response?

A

cells migrating to the cite of injury

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of medical mediators?

A

prostaglandins and histamines

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7
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

release of these cause vasodilation

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8
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

expanding the blood vessels, decreasing blood pressure

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9
Q

What are histamines?

A

key chemical mediator that dilates the blood vessels

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10
Q

What are the 5 properties of inflammatory response?

A 
heat
Erythema (redness)
Edema (swelling)
Pain
Loss of cunction
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11
Q

What is acute inflammatory response?

A

healing occurs in 2 to 3 weeks, no residual damage

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12
Q

What is chronic inflammatory response?

A

response that lasts for years, such as an autoimmune disease

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13
Q

What is a normal WBC count?

A

5,000-10,000

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14
Q

What are 2 abnormal lab datas in inflammatory response?

A

ESR and C-relative protein

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15
Q

Why would ESR be abnormal lab data in the inflammatory response?

A

it increases with acute and chronic inflammation

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16
Q

Why wold C-relative protein being abnormal lab data in the inflammatory response?

A

Not usually present in the blood but rises in response to inflammation

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17
Q

Will acetaminophen stop inflammation?

A

no only helps with pain + fever

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18
Q

What is prostaglandin inhibition do?

A

decrease inflmammation

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19
Q

What does analgesia do?

A

decreases pain

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20
Q

What is the antipyretic effect?

A

decreases fever

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21
Q

What is platelet aggregation?

A

bleeding

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22
Q

What is toradol given for?

A

kidney stones

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23
Q

How does prednisone decrease inflammation?

A

inhibits prostaglandin

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24
Q

What is a big side effect of prednisone?

A

suppresses immune system, huge risk of rinfection

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25
Q

Is inflammation always present with infection?

A

Yes

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26
Q

Is infection always present with inflammation?

A

no

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27
Q

What is an infection?

A

an invasion of the body by a pathogen

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28
Q

What is vancomycin?

A

an antibiotic used for CDIF (only works in intestines)

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29
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a foreign substance that invades the body

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30
Q

What are B cells?

A

antibody mediated response, binds to antigens

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31
Q

What are T cells?

A

cell mediated response

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32
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

non-specific (fever, inflammatory response)

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33
Q

What are the 3 associations with electrolyte and fluid imbalances?

A

heart failure
injury
therapeutic measures (IV fluids/diuretics)

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34
Q

What two things should the nurse monitor to indicate fluid and electrolyte balances?

A

baseline vitals

lab tests

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35
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

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36
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

use carrier to move molecules

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37
Q

What is active transport?

A

process in which molecules move against concentration gradient

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38
Q

What is osmosis?

A

movement of water against a concentration gradient

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39
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

amount of pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water

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40
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

blood pressure generated by heart contraction

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41
Q

What grade is first spacing fluid spacing?

A

normal

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42
Q

What grade is second spacing fluid spacing?

A

edema

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43
Q

What are 2 porpoises of IV fluids?

A

maintenance of oral intake

replacement of fluid loss

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44
Q

What are hypotonic fluids?

A

more water than electrolytes

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45
Q

What would you monitor for in a hypotonic patient?

A

monitor of changes in mentation

46
Q

What 3 things would you monitor in a hypertonic patient?

A

blood pressure, lung sounds, serum sodium levels

47
Q

What is a third space shift?

A

increased capillary permeability due to injury, when intravascular fluid leaks into interstitial space

48
Q

What is more common? fluid volume deficit or fluid volume excess?

A

fluid volume deficit

49
Q

Does a client loose weight with extracellular fluid volume shift?

A

no

50
Q

What does Na+ do in the body? (4 things)

A

transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, assists with acid/base balance, aldosterone in the kidney

51
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

abnormally low sodium levels

52
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of hyponatremia and hypernatremia?

A

tachycardia, weakness, confusion, seizures, compa

53
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

high sodium levels

54
Q

What are nursing interventions to hyponatremia and hypernatremia?

A

monitor labs, control sodium and water intake, monitor cardiac rhythm, fall precautions and seizure precautions

55
Q

What are the uses for Calcium?

A

muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses
cofactor for blood clotting
keeps cell membranes stable and permeable

56
Q

What is the lab value for Ca+?

A

8.5-10.5

57
Q

What is the lab value for Na+?

A

135-145

58
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

not enough calcium

59
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

too much calcium

60
Q

What are nursing implications with a patient with hypocalcemia?

A

Cardiac monitor, ensure safety, high in calcium foods, oral or IV calcium

61
Q

What are nursing implications with a patient with hypercalcemia?

A

increase fluid intake, educate client about dietary restrictions

62
Q

What is the lab value for K+?

A

3.5-5.0

63
Q

What does potassium do for the body?

A

maintains excitability of nerves and muscles

maintenance of cardiac rhythms

64
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

not enough potassium (K+)

65
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

too much potassium (K+)

66
Q

What is an important side effect of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?

A

life threatening cardiac dysthrythmias

67
Q

What are some nursing interventions for hypokalemia?

A

monitor K+ levels, cardiac monitor, infuse K+ via IV slowly and monitor

68
Q

What are some nursing interventions for hyperkalemia?

A

limit potassium, cardiac monitoring, IV glucose or insulin, albuterol nebulizer, diuretics

69
Q

What is the lab value for mg?

A

1.5-2.5

70
Q

What is hypo magnesium?

A

not enough magensium

71
Q

What is hyper magnesium?

A

excessive mg intake

72
Q

What are side effects of hypo magnesium?

A

elevated BP, tachycardia, seizures, decreased RR

73
Q

What are nursing implications for hypomganesium?

A

extreme caution if impaired renal function, must be 16 years old to give IV mg

74
Q

What are nursing implications for hyper magnesium?

A

cardiac monitoring, monitor mg+ levels

75
Q

What is the normal value for pH?

A

7.35-7.45

76
Q

What is the normal value for PaCO2?

A

35-45

77
Q

What is the normal value for HCO3?

A

22-26

78
Q

PCAO reflects…

A

respiratory

79
Q

HCO3 reflects….

A

metabolic

80
Q

What is the normal P02 range?

A

> 80%

81
Q

Decrease in pH means….

A

acidosis

82
Q

Respiratory means

A

if the PaCO2 is off

83
Q

Metabolic means..

A

if the HCO is off

84
Q

Increase in pH means…

A

alkalosis

85
Q

Partial compensation

A

pH normal range

86
Q

What are the two ranges that are off in respiratory acidosis?

A

pH is lowered

PaCO2 is higher

87
Q

What are the two ranges that are off in metabolic acidosis?

A

pH is lower

HCO2 is lower

88
Q

What are the two ranges that are off in respiratory alkalosis?

A

pH is higher

PaCO2 is lower

89
Q

What are the two ranges that are off in metabolic alkalosis?

A

pH is higher

HCO2 is higher

90
Q

What are manifestations of acidosis?

A

lethargy to coma, bradycardia, hyperkalemia and hypercalcemia

91
Q

What are manifestations of alkalosis?

A

anxiety, irritability, tachycardia, hypoklameia and hypocalcemia

92
Q

What is the #1 treatment for metabolic acidosis?

A

sodium bicarbonate IV

93
Q

What is the #1 treatment for metabolic alkalosis?

A

sodium and KCL replacement

94
Q

What is the #1 treatment for respiratory acidosis?

A

improve ventilation

95
Q

What is the #1 treatment for respiratory alkalosis?

A

rebreathing mask

96
Q

What are 4 manifestations of hypoxemia?

A

restlessness
increased anxiety
inappropriate behavior
increased pulse and blood pressure

97
Q

What are 3 correlations between COPD and smoking?

A

white people
blue collar workers
less formal education

98
Q

What is the pathway of airway?

A

trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli

99
Q

What is COPD?

A

a condition that makes it difficultly to move air out of a person’s lungs

100
Q

What is emphysema?

A

airways collapse due to damage to the lungs

101
Q

What is the physical sign of chronic bronchitis?

A

blue bloater

102
Q

What is the physical sign of emphysema?

A

pink puffers

103
Q

What is the general appearance of COPD? 5 things

A 
tripod position
pursed lipped breathing
use of accessory muscles
club fingers
barrel chest
104
Q

What does spirometry measure?

A

the volume of air exhaled in a defined period of time

105
Q

What is forced vital capacity?

A

the largest amount of air that you can forcefully exhale after breathing deeply as you can

106
Q

What is forced expiratory volume?

A

how much you can force from your lungs in one second

107
Q

What is a short acting anticholinergic?

A

atrovent inhaler

108
Q

What is a long acting anticholinergic?

A

spiriva

109
Q

What is a short acting b2 adrenergic agonist?

A

albuterol

110
Q

What is a long acting b2 adrenergic agonist?

A

servant

MedSurg (3 decks)

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