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BIO 181 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Any living organism to small to be seen with the naked eye is…

A

A microbe or microorganism

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2
Q

What are the properties if life?

A
  • reproduction
  • homeostasis
  • evolution
  • metabolism
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3
Q

The ability to maintain a constant internal environment at disequilibrium with the surrounding environment is called

A

homeostasis

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4
Q

What is reproduction?

A

the ability of a living thing to reproduce itself.

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The ability of a living thing to manage their own energy and matter.

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6
Q

The ability to adapt to one’s environment is called…

A

evolution

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7
Q

All physically living things are constructed of…

A
  • organic compounds

- polar solvent (such as water)

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8
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Any molecule composed of carbon except carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Humans are made up of what % of carbon? What % of oxygen?

A

18% carbon

60% oxygen

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10
Q

What is a chemical compound?

A

a mixture of 2 or more elements in fixed proportions (NOT A MOLECULE)

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11
Q

What is an element?

A

any substance that cannot be broken down by normal chemical means into another substance.

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12
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest particle of an element that cannot be divided without losing properties of that element. (smallest electrically neutral unit of an element)

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13
Q

What are the three energy states and how many electrons do they each hold?

A

K (first energy state) 2 electrons
L (second energy state) 8 electrons
M (third energy state) 8 electrons

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14
Q

living things are primarily comprised of what elements?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
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15
Q

What is a molecule?

A

the smallest electronically neutral structural unit of an element or compound; consists of atoms bonded together with strong (covalent or ionic) bonds

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16
Q

Atoms tend to be inert when…

A

their outer shell (valence shell) is full.

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17
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a potential answer to a question. (an explanation of a natural phenomenon or a set of observations of the real world.)

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18
Q

A hypothesis that passes many tests becomes..

A

a confirmed hypothesis.

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19
Q

What is the first principle of scientific thought?

A

all hypotheses must be tested and discarded if they either

  • are shown to be logically inconsistent
  • fail to fit evidence from the real world
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20
Q

What is a theory?

A

What we know to be true about the real world.

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21
Q

What is the primary goal of science?

A

to produce theory

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22
Q

What are tissues?

A

a group of cells that come together to perform a function.

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23
Q

What are organs?

A

A group of tissues that work together for a specific function. (identifiable)

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24
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group
5 carbon sugar (ribose, deoxyribose)
nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine)

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25
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

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26
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

Guanine, adenine

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27
Q

What kind of bond holds nucleotides together?

A

phosphdiester bond

28
Q

DNA has what kind of charge?

A

a strong negative charge

29
Q

How wide is a double helix?

A

2.0 nanometers

30
Q

What is the distance between bases in DNA?

A

0.34 nanometers

31
Q

What is the length of one spiral in DNA

A

3.4 nanometers

32
Q

If RNA forms a double helix with DNA, it creates…

A

a hybrid nucleic acid

33
Q

What is a peptide?

A

an amino acid

34
Q

draw a non ionized amino acid

A

see example sheet under non ionized amino acid

35
Q

draw an ionized amino acid

A

see example sheet under ionized amino acid.

36
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A chain of amino acids

37
Q

What is a protein?

A

A polypeptide that is long enough to fold around itself forming a blob. (starts around 80 amino acids)

38
Q

How long is a typical protein? The longest known protein?

A

typically 250 amino acids

longest 8000 amino acids

39
Q

describe a prokaryote.

A

No nucleus
no membrane bound organelles
no cytoskeleton

40
Q

What are the fundamental cell structures?

41
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

construct proteins in all known cells

42
Q

How is DNA stored in bacteria?

A

It is one long circle that is supercoiled (like twisting one end of a rubber band)

43
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • Store genetic information
  • assembly of ribosome subunits
  • structural support
44
Q

What is the function of rough ER?

A

protein synthesis and processing

45
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A

Lipid synthesis

46
Q

What is the function of golgi apparatus?

A

protein processing (ie glycosylation)

47
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Digestion

recycling

48
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, and other compounds

49
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

ATP production

50
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

coloration

storage of oils, carbohydrates, water and toxins

51
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Production of ATP and sugars by photosynthesis

52
Q

What is the function of cytoskeleton?

A

Structural support

movement of materials

53
Q

What is the function of plasma membrane?

A

selective permeability maintains intracellular environment

54
Q

What is the function of cell wall?

A

protection, structural support

55
Q

What are alleles?

A

different versions of the same genes

56
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell have? How many does it need?

A

Has 46. Needs a set of 23, but we have two sets one from each parent.

57
Q

What is mitosis?

A

division of a cell nucleus

58
Q

what is meiosis?

A

process by which diploid cells become haploid.

59
Q

What is a fertilized egg called?

60
Q

what is the stage of embryonic development after a zygote?

A

cleavage stage

61
Q

A ball of cells formed from a zygote is called..

62
Q

the morula secretes chloride inside to create…

A

a blastula

63
Q

What is the stage of embryonic development after a blastula?

64
Q

A gastrula is made up of three layers called

A

Ectoderm-creates outside covering of body
endoderm- creates lining for the interior of the body.
mesoderm- creates muscles and bones.

65
Q

For a cell to undergo mitosis, how many checkpoints must it pass?

66
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

genetically programmed cell death

BIO 181 (1 decks)

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