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PUBHEHS 5315 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption across the skin:

a. Occurs equally well across the skin from all parts of the body
b. Occurs predominantly by active transport across the stratum corneum
c. Involves passive diffusion across the dried, keratin-filled cells of the stratum corneum
d. Occurs predominantly via passive diffusion across the hair follicles, sweat ducts, and sebaceous glands

A

c. Involves passive diffusion across the dried, keratin-filled cells of the stratum corneum

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2
Q
  • *Xenobiotics elicit toxicity generally by all the following mechanisms EXCEPT:
    a. Interference with cellular energy metabolism
    b. Interference with intraceullular calcium concentration homeostasis
    c. Interference with normal receptor-toxicant interactions
    d. Interference with renal excretion
A

c. Interference with normal receptor-toxicant interactions

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3
Q
  • *Mechanisms that contribute to transmembrane movement of toxicants include all of the following EXCEPT
    a. The process of passive diffusion
    b. The process of active transport
    c. The process of biotransformation
    d. The process of filtration
A

c. The process of biotransformation

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4
Q

Which of the following statements BEST characterizes synergism?

a. Synergism occurs if two chemicals with a similar action, when given together, produce an effect that is greater in magnitude than the sum of the effects when the chemicals are given individually
b. Synergism occurs if a xenobiotic that lacks an effect of its own increases the effect of a second, active xenobiotic
c. Synergism occurs if two chemicals with the same effect, when given together, produce an effect that is equal in magnitude to the sum of the effects with the chemicals are given individually
d. Synergism occurs if two drugs with the same effect, when given together, produce an effect that is equal in magnitude to the effect of only one of the drugs given individually

A

a. Synergism occurs if two chemicals with a similar action, when given together, produce an effect that is greater in magnitude than the sum of the effects when the chemicals are given individually

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5
Q
  • *Toxicants may move across biological membranes by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT
    a. Aqueous diffusion
    b. Aqueous hydrolysis
    c. Lipid diffusion
    d. Special carrier transport
A

a. Aqueous diffusion

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6
Q

Toxicology may be defined as the study of:

a. The degradation of biological warfare agents
b. The cost of toxicity testing
c. The adverse effects of chemicals in living systems
d. The regulation of chemicals in the home

A

c. The adverse effects of chemicals in living systems

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7
Q

Which of the following reactions is NOT considered a phase II biotransformation?

a. Glucuronidation
b. Acetylation
c. Sulfation
d. Epoxide hydration

A

d. Epoxide hydration

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8
Q

The environmental matrices/pathways indicated in our EHS model include all of the following EXCEPT:

a. Soil
b. Food
c. Water
d. Air
e. Surfaces
f. All of the above are matrices/pathways

A

f. All of the above are matrices/pathways

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9
Q

Paracelsus was an expert in all of the following professions EXCEPT:

a. Alchemist
b. Physician
c. General occultist
d. Astrophysics

A

d. Astrophysics

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10
Q

The interaction of chemicals in TOXICOLOGY includes all of the following except:

a. Synergistic
b. Additive
c. Potentiation
d. Subtractive
e. Antagonism

A

d. Subtractive

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11
Q

When considering temporal characterizations of exposure frequency, the time to toxicity can depend on the

a. Time of administration
b. Concentration level
c. Time to recovery before subsequent doses
d. Elimination slope of the toxicant

A

d. Elimination slope of the toxicant

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12
Q

High-energy cofactors that are NOT involved in phase II reactions include:

a. UDP-glucuronic acid
b. S-adenosylmethionine
c. Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate
d. Amino acids such as taurine and glycine

A

d. Amino acids such as taurine and glycine

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13
Q
  • *Which one of the following definitions is NOT correct?
    a. The therapeutic index is equal to LD50 or TD50 divided by ED50
    b. The efficacy of a drug is similar to the potency of the drug
    c. An agonist is a chemical the binds to a receptor and elicits a response
    d. An antagonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and does not elicit a response
A

b. The efficacy of a drug is similar to the potency of the drug

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14
Q

Regarding the LD50, it is the…

a. Name of the estimation of toxic response when death is the endpoint measured
b. Dose which, when given, results in the death of 50% of treated animals
c. Does not account for the full spectrum of toxicity
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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15
Q

Regarding allometric scaling of doses across species, circle the species that is placed incorrectly:

  1. Mouse
  2. Rat
  3. Guinea pig
  4. Rabbit
  5. Cat
  6. Dog
  7. Monkey
  8. Human
A
  1. Monkey
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16
Q

A toxicant’s distribution to a specific tissue does NOT

a. Depend on blood flow and the size of the organ
b. Depend on the solubility of the chemical in that tissue
c. Depend on the concentration gradient between blood and tissue
d. Increase for xenobiotics that are bound to plasma proteins

A

d. Increase for xenobiotics that are bound to plasma proteins

17
Q

Cytochrome P450 monooygenases catalyze all the following reactions EXCEPT:

a. Sulfation
b. Hydroxylation
c. O-dealkylation
d. Epoxidation

A

a. Sulfation

18
Q

Which of the following statements about the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system is false?

a. The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system requires NADPH and molecular oxygen
b. The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system is involved with exogenous chemicals only
c. The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system includes N- and O-dealkylations
d. The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system catalyzes aliphatic and aromatic hydroxylations

A

b. The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system is involved with exogenous chemicals only

19
Q
  • *Which of the following is NOT a general mechanism by which a chemical can induce toxicity?
    a. Interference with cellular energy production
    b. Interference with distribution throughout the body
    c. Interference with membrane functions
    d. Interference with normal receptor-ligand interactions
A

b. Interference with distribution throughout the body

20
Q

Which of the following is NOT a critical period in embryogenesis?

a. Proliferation
b. Differentiation
c. Organogenesis
d. Teratogenesis

A

d. Teratogenesis

21
Q
  • *Now that you know that all chemicals are toxic, which of the following corollary statements is FALSE?
    a. It is the dose that determines a remedy from a poison
    b. Exposure limits may be set for all chemicals that will instill confidence that we are safe from chemicals
    c. We cannot maintain our standard of living without exposure to chemicals
    d. Life begins with perfect chemistry.
A

d. Life begins with perfect chemistry.

22
Q

Biotransformation reactions generally produce a product that is:

a. More likely to distribute intracellularly
b. More likely to produce unwanted effects
c. Less lipid-soluble than the original chemical
d. More lipid-soluble than the original chemical

A

c. Less lipid-soluble than the original chemical

23
Q

Induction of xenobiotic biotransformation by exposure to a toxicant will:

a. Result in irreversible changes in enzyme activity
b. Result in increased amounts of enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum
c. Results in decreased amounts of enzymes in the nucleus
d. Require 3 to 4 months to reach completion

A

b. Result in increased amounts of enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

Which of the following statements is false?

a. Glucuronide conjugates are excreted readily by the kidneys
b. A lipid-soluble xenobiotic metabolite will sequester in fatty tissue
c. Acidification of the urine may help trap acidic drugs in urine
d. For a weakly acidic drug (pKa=3) at equilibrium, the ratio of nonionized to ionized drug (HA/A-) equals 1 when the pH of the medium is 3.

A

c. Acidification of the urine may help trap acidic drugs in urine

25
Q

Children exposed to __________in Minamata Bay exhibited cerebral palsy, mental retardation and convulsions.

a. Lead
b. Gamma Radiation
c. Methylmercury
d. Diethylstilbesterol (DES)
e. Thalidomide

A

c. Methylmercury

26
Q

True or False: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an approach that uses multiple control techniques to maintain, or manage pest populations below economically damaging levels while maintaining environmental quality.

A

True

27
Q

Which environmental/occupational chemical has probably caused more deaths and disability disease than any other hazardous substance predominantly featuring the lung as its target? Lung diseases include _____osis (scarring) and cancer particularly mesothelioma.

a. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
b. Dioxin (TCDD)
c. Asbestos
d. Lead
e. Mercury

A

c. Asbestos

28
Q

Which chemical formed as a by-product in the production of herbicides such as “agent orange” has been linked to Parkinson’s Disease, Ischemic Heart Disease and Hairy-cell leukemia also produces chloracne and was used in the deliberate poisoning of Ukrainian President Victor Yushchenko?

a. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
b. Dioxin (TCDD)
c. Asbestos
d. Lead
e. Mercury

A

b. Dioxin (TCDD)

29
Q

Which type of pesticide inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and with chronic exposure may results in a neuropathy characterized by weakness or paralysis of the arms and legs?

a. Organophosphates
b. Organochlorines
c. Pyrethroids
d. Plant Incorporated-protectants (PIPs)
e. None of the above fit the description

A

a. Organophosphates

30
Q
  • *What transmitter is key in the action of pesticides?:
    a. Acetyl Choline
    b. Adrenaline
    c. Acetyl Cholinesterase
    d. GABA (gabba-aminobutryic acid)
    e. Epinephrine
    f. Nor-epinephrine
A

a. Acetyl Choline

31
Q

True or False: Pesticides are ubiquitous and present to the environment in a diversity of 900 ingredients composing 35,000 commercial products with billions of pounds being released to the global environment annually.

A

True

32
Q

Which federal regulation protects consumers from pesticide residues on food?

a. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)
b. Food and Drug Administration Act
c. CERCLA
d. RCRA
e. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

A

a. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)

PUBHEHS 5315 (4 decks)

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