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Gross II keypoints > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the tributaries of the Internal Jugular vein?

A
  1. Inferior Petrosal Sinus
  2. Pharyngeal Veins
  3. Facial Vein
  4. Lingual Vein
  5. Superior Thyroid Vein
  6. Middle Thyroid Vein
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2
Q

What are the tributaries of the External Jugular vein?

A
  1. Retromandibular V
  2. Posterior Auricular V
  3. Posterior External Jugular V
  4. Anterior Jugular V
  5. Transverse Cervical V
  6. Suprascapular V
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3
Q

What is the term used for “Tongue Tied”

A

Ankyloglossia

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4
Q

T or F: The frenulum usually grows during the first year of life (further correcting itself if it is limiting tongue movement)

A

True

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5
Q

Ophthalmic N distributes to what area?

A

Face and scalp

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6
Q

Maxillary N distributes to what area?

A

Cheek and area lateral to the orbit (eye)

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7
Q

Mandibular N distributes to what area?

A

Chin and temporal region

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8
Q

What are the 5 subdivisions of the ophthalmic N?

A
  1. Supraorbital N
  2. Supratrochlear N
  3. Infratrochlear N
  4. External Nasal N
  5. Lacrimal N
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9
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the Maxillary N?

A
  1. Zygomaticotemporal N
  2. Zygomaticofacial N
  3. Infraorbital N. (Most frequently injured with blows to face, common in Boxers)
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10
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the Mandibular N?

A
  1. Auriculotemporal N
  2. Buccal N
  3. Mental N
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11
Q

What is the term used to describe sudden attacks of severe pain occurring in the area of sensory distribution of the trigeminal N?

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

  • often due to touch
  • most common in maxillary division least in ophthalmic
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12
Q

What forms the cervical plexus?

A

Anterior primary rami of C1, C2, C3, and C4

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13
Q

What spinal segments supply sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb?

A

C5, 6, 7, 8

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14
Q

What are the 2 parts of the ansa cervicalis?

A
  1. Superior Root (C1, or C1 and C2)
    • Decends from the hypoglossal N
  2. Inferior Root (C2 and C3)
    • Decends from cervical N branches
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15
Q

Superior and Inferior roots combine to form what?

A

Ansa Cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)

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16
Q

What 3 of the 4 infrahyoid muscles does the ansa cervicalis supply?

A
  1. sternohyoid
  2. sternothyroid
  3. omohyoid
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17
Q

***what supplies the 4th infrahyoid muscle (thyrohyoid)

A

Exclusively C1 fibers through the hypoglossal N.

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18
Q

Where does the phrenic N originate from?

A

C3, 4, 5 (keep the diaphragm alive.)

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19
Q

Phrenic N is motor to what muscle?

A

Diaphragm

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20
Q

Phrenic N is sensory to what muscles?

A

Thorax and abdomen

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21
Q

Where can the phrenic N be found?

A

Anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle

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22
Q

What is torticollis?

A

Pathological contraction of the SCM.

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of torticollis?

A
  1. Congenital: due to Fibrous tissue tumor that dev. at or b4 birth
  2. Muscular: Due to birth injury
  3. Spasmodic: occurs in adults, due to abnormal tonicity.
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24
Q

What does the External Jugular Vein drain?

A

Face and scalp. (lots of cerebral blood)

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25
Q

Where is the External Jugular Vein formed?

A

below Parotid Gland (largest salary gland)

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26
Q

***What vein does the External Jugular Vein empty into?

A

Subclavian vein

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27
Q

What are the 6 tributaries of the External Jugular Vein?

A
  1. Retromandibular Vein
  2. Posterior Auricular Vein
  3. Posterior External Jugular Vein
  4. Anterior Jugular Vein
  5. Transverse Cervical Vein
  6. Suprascapular Vein
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28
Q

What muscle divides the neck into 2 different triangles?

A

SCM

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29
Q

What is the ONLY subdivision of the Anterior triangle that is unpaired?

A

Submental

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30
Q

What are the contents found in the carotid triangle?

A

Common and Internal carotid arteries

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31
Q

What bone is often broken in strangulation?

A

Hyoid bone

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32
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A

between the mandible and larynx. Attachment point of many muscles

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33
Q

T or F: The hyoid bone does not articulate with any other bone.

A

True

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34
Q

What are the functions of the infrahyoid muscles and where do they attach?

A

Move the hyoid bone and larynx. Attach to the hyoid bone

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35
Q

What are the 4 infrahyoid muscles?

A
  1. Omohyoid
  2. Sternohyoid
  3. Sternothyroid
  4. Thyrohyoid
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36
Q

Why all the muscles to depress the hyoid bone and larynx?

A
  1. Swallowing
  2. Speech
  3. Breathing
  4. If hyoid bone is fixed, digastric depresses mandible
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37
Q

What are the 2 layers of the cervical fascia?

A
  1. Superficial Cervical Fascia

2. Deep Cervical Fascia

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38
Q

What is the name for the opening through which structures of the neck pass into the thorax?

A

Superior Thoracic Aperture (Thoracic Inlet)

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39
Q

What are the boundarys of the superior thoracic aperture?

A
  1. first thoracic vertebra
  2. first ribs and their cartilages
  3. manubrium of sternum
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40
Q

What is the term to describe lung collapse?

A

Atelectasis

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41
Q

Where does the thymus usually lie?

A

Behind the manubrium and the sternum. Lies inferior to the thyroid gland

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42
Q

What is the blood supply to the thymus?

A

Internal thoracic artery

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43
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine and calcitonin

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44
Q

What cervical levels does the thyroid gland lie at?

A

C5-T1

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45
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Thyroid gland? whats its shape?

A

left and right lobe and the isthmus (which connects the R and R halves). Its usually H or U shaped

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46
Q

50% of thyroid glands also have what?

A

pyramidal lobe

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47
Q

What muscle connects the isthmus of the thyroid to the hyoid bone?

A

Levator Glandulae thyroideae muscle

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48
Q

The Thyroid Ima Artery is a branch of what trunk?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk. Present in 10% of ppl. may be damaged in tracheotomy

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49
Q

What is a Goiter?

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland. produces swelling in the anterior neck.

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50
Q

What are the 2 types of goiters?

A
  1. Endemic - dietary deficiency of iodine, gland enlarges to increase output. hormone is inactive, causes hypothyroidism
  2. Exothalmic - due to autoimmune disease, immunoglobins bind to receptor site, cause over active thyroid gland. Hyperthyroidism (graves disease)
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51
Q

T or F: Parathyroid glands are not essential to life.

A

False. they ARE essential to life

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52
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

A

calcium homeostasis (regulation)

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53
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4 usually but varies from 2-6

54
Q

What factors make thyroid surgery difficult?

A

parathyroid glands, vascularity, recurrent laryngeal N.

55
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

56
Q

What does the trachea (windpipe) split into?

A

L and R bronchi

57
Q

What are the tracheal walls supported by?

A

C-rings which open posteriorly. allows for expansion of esophagus during swallowing

58
Q

What is the posterior gap of the trachea spanned by?

A

Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)

59
Q

Where does the esophagus begin?

A

Also the level C6. lies posterior to the trachea

60
Q

What are the main arteries of the head and neck?

A

L and R Common Carotid Arteries

61
Q

How many branches does the internal carotid artery have?

A

zero! enters the skull through carotid canal to supply blood to brain

62
Q

What are the 8 branches of the External Carotid canal?

A
  1. Superior thyroid
  2. Ascending pharyngeal
  3. Lingual
  4. Facial
  5. Occipital
  6. Posterior auricular
  7. Superficial temporal
  8. Maxillary
63
Q

What supplied blood to the structures of the neck, face and scalp?

A

External Carotid A. bc they are External to the skull

64
Q

The Internal Jugular Vein is NEVER visible topographically

65
Q

What is a slight dilation of the internal carotid artery where is joins the common carotid called?

A

Carotid Sinus

66
Q

What does the carotid sinus do?

A

Monitors blood pressure.

67
Q

What does the carotid body do?

A

detect changes in the chemical makeup of the blood within the carotid

68
Q

What are the 2 major veins of the neck?

A

External and Internal Jugular Veins

69
Q

What is the largest vein in the neck?

A

Internal Jugular Vein

70
Q

What does the Internal Jugular vein drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic Vein

71
Q

*What is the name of the dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin below the jugular foramen?

A

Superior jugular bulb.

72
Q

What are the 6 tributaries of the Internal Jugular Vein?

A
  1. Inferior petrosal sinus
  2. Paryngeal vein
  3. Facial vein
  4. Lingual vein
  5. Superior thyroid vein
  6. Middle thyroid vein
73
Q

What is the name of the dilation of the internal jugular vein near its termination into the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Inferior Jugular Bulb

74
Q

What are the 4 nerves of the neck?

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
  2. Vagus (X)
  3. Accessory (CN XI)
  4. Hypoglossal (CN XII)
75
Q

*** - The pharyngeal plexus is motor to all of the muscles of the pharynx EXCEPT for?

-And to all of the muscles of the soft palate EXCEPT for?

A
  • Stylopharyngeus (innervated by glossopharyngeal N)

- Tensor Veli Palatini (innervated by Trigeminal)

76
Q

What nerves join to form the pharyngeal plexus?

A

Pharyngeal joins glossopharyngeal N. and sympathetic trunk to form P.P.

77
Q

The recurrent laryngeal N is motor to all of the muscles of the larynx EXCEPT for?

A

Cricothyroid

78
Q

What are the 2 parts that form the accessory N?

A

Cranial and Spinal.

79
Q

What is the motor nerve of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal N.

80
Q

What is the name for a nerve bundle that loops anterior to the subclavian artery, connecting the vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion?

A

Ansa Subclavia

81
Q

What is the largest and sturdiest facial bone?

82
Q

What muscle is pierced by the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle?

A

Stylohyoid Muscle

83
Q

Which gland is the smallest?

A

Sublingual gland

84
Q

***What nerve crosses under the submandibular duct on its way to the tongue?

A

Lingual nerve

85
Q

What are the 4 functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. provide an airway
  2. olfaction
  3. warm and moistening of inspired air
  4. cleansing of inspired air
86
Q

What are the 4 bones that make up the roofs boundary of the nasal cavity?

A

nasal bone, frontal bone, cribriform plate of ethmoid bone, and body of the sphenoid bone

87
Q

What 2 bones that make up the floors boundary of the nasal cavity?

A

Palatine process of the maxilla, and horizontal plate of the palatine bone. (they form the hard palate)

88
Q

What 4 bones that make up the medial wall (nasal septum) of the nasal cavity?

A

Septal cartilage, perpendicular plate, ethmoid bone, vomer

89
Q

What bones form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

nasal bone, frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, inferior nasal concha, perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, and medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone

90
Q

What are the 2 functions of nasal conchae?

A
  1. increase surface area. warm, moisten, clean inspired air.

2. increase turbulence. warm, moisten, clean inspired air AND olfaction.

91
Q

***What opens into the superior meatus?

A

Ethmoidal Cells

92
Q

What does Anosmia mean?

A

loss of olfaction

93
Q

T/F: Ppl over 50 lose olfaction receptor cells are a rate of 1% per year

94
Q

The primary blood supply to the nasal cavity is from the?

A
  1. sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery (most important)
  2. Anterior ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic artery
95
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

nose bleed. - commonly due to richness of blood supply

96
Q

Describe to 2 forms of epistaxis.

A
  1. Mild form: involves small branches of or near the vestibule, caused by minor trauma, low humidity.
  2. Severe form: Involves spurting arterial blood. Results from rupture of the sphenopalatine artery at one of the major anastomoses. caused by trauma
97
Q

Other causes of nose bleeds are:

A
  1. hypertension
  2. blood disorders
  3. Cocaine abuse
98
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses found?

A

Cavities within the bones of the face

99
Q

What does the formation of the paranasal sinuses relate to?

A
  1. wolfs law

2. reduce weight of the skull

100
Q

Which sinus is most frequently prone to infection?

A

Maxillary. it is also the largest paranasal sinus.

101
Q

Which paranasal sinus is the only one that may be present at birth?

102
Q

What is Naegleria fouleri?

A

brain eating Amoeba

103
Q

Soft palate is elevated during swallowing but closedes off nasal cavity from oral cavity. (milk out nose)

104
Q

***What muscle of the soft palate opens the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Tensor Veli Palatini (yawn ears pop)

105
Q

What are the functions of the tongue? (4)

A
  1. taste
  2. mastication
  3. swallowing
  4. speech
106
Q

Smallest papillae with no taste buds are?

107
Q

mushroom shaped papillae are?

108
Q

Largest papillae and arranged in a V shape row are?

109
Q

grooves and ridges along margin or tongue and poorly dev. in humans.

110
Q

What are the 4 Extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  1. genioglossus (stick tongue out)
  2. Hypoglossus
  3. Styloglossus
  4. Palatoglossus
111
Q

All of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) EXCEPT what muscle?

A

Palatoglossus

112
Q

Where do all of the lymph nodes eventually drain?

A

to the deep cervical nodes

113
Q

What is the hardest substance in the human body and where is it found?

A

Enamel and its found covering the crown of the teeth.

114
Q

What replaces deciduous molars?

A

Adult premolars

115
Q

How many deciduous teeth are there?

116
Q

How many permanent teeth are there?

117
Q

Affects one tooth

118
Q

Affects whole row

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia

119
Q

What is the Pharynx the common pathway for?

A

food and air. food to esophagus and air to larynx.

120
Q

what is the Pharynx?

A

funnel shaped fibromuscular tube which extends from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

121
Q

Where does the pharynx lie?

A

Posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx

122
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx - post. to nasal cavity.
  2. Oropharynx - post to oral cavity
  3. Laryngopharynx - post to larynx
123
Q

Where is the nasopharynx found?

A

right under C1

124
Q

What is the name of the tonsils embedded in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?

A

pharyngeal tonsils. 2nd most common removed, cause difficulty breathing threw nose.

125
Q

What allows the spread of Otitis Media?

A

pharyngotympanic tube (Equalizes pressue b/t nasopharynx and tympanic cavity)

126
Q

What is the first line of defense agains infection?

A

Tonsillar ring

127
Q

Which tonsils are most commonly removed during childhood?

A

palatine tonsils (in oropharynx)

128
Q

What is the cervical level of the oropharynx?

A

CV2 and CV3

129
Q

What is the level of the laryngopharynx?

130
Q

T/F: the Deep piriform fossae is one cause of bad breath (halitosis)

131
Q

What is the clinical sig. of retropharyngeal space?

A

Hemorrhage from cervical trauma or abscess from pharyngeal infection into the retropharyngeal peace may cause the posterior wall of the pharynx to balloon forward, potentially leading to suffocation

132
Q

What does dysphagia mean?

A

Difficulty swallowing

Gross II keypoints (1 decks)

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