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phys 3 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

t/f Inflammatory pathways promote thrombosis, which is responsible for myocardial infarction and most strokes

A

true

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2
Q

What is released from the endothelial wall, that promotes vasodilatation and limits platelet extension?

A

prostacyclin (PGI2)

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3
Q

Released from the platelet that promotes vasoconstriction and potentiates platelet degranulation?

A

Thromboxane A2

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4
Q

Which of the following is effective at dissolving blood clots

A

Plasmin – dissolves clots (from plasminogen)- only clot buster we talked about

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5
Q

name an anticoagulant we spoke about

A

Heparin; others include chelators, and dicumarol

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6
Q

What is the key step in blood coagulation?

A

the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin -(necessity for this conversion - Thrombin)

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7
Q

What is the key step merging of the intrinsic/extrinsic pathways

A

the activation of factors X and V

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8
Q

the release of platelet granule contents…

A

are potentiated by Thromboxane A2, not essential for the process to occur

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9
Q

Fibrinogen and prothrombin along with factors VII, IX, X are produced by which organ?

A

liver (nothing on other organs related to clotting factors

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10
Q

Concerning Ca++ role in blood clotting, which of the following statements is true?

A

required at all steps except the 1st two intrinsic steps

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11
Q

At a normal resting membrane potential of -85 mV, which of the following ions is closest to its Nernst equilibrium potential?

A

K+
during resting potential Fast Na, Slow Ca/Na are closed, K+ are open, therefore K+ ions free to move when they reach their Nernst equilibrium potential

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12
Q

A 2-3 X elevation in extracellular fluid of what ion can cause flaccidity and weakness of cardiac muscle in part by decreasing the resting membrane potential?

A

K+

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13
Q

What is the effect of elevated Ca++ ?

A

Spastic contraction

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14
Q

If end diastolic volume = 160 ml and end systolic volume = 120 ml; what is the ejection
fraction?

A

25%

160-120= 40 40/160 = .25

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15
Q

What percentage of blood from the atrial to the ventricle is actively pumped?

A

25-30%

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16
Q

Norepinephrine binds to which cardiac receptors?

A

Beta

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17
Q

muscarinic receptors are blocked by…

A

atropine (S72)

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18
Q

At rest, if you block both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which of the following changes would occur?

A

HR will increase and strength of contraction will decrease

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19
Q

At rest, if you block the sympathetic nervous system, which of the following changes would occur?

A

both HR and strength of contraction will decrease

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20
Q

At rest, if you block the parasympathetic nervous system, which of the following changes would occur?

A

both HR and strength of contraction will increase

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21
Q

if you stimulate both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which of the following changes would occur?

A

HR will decrease and strength of contraction will increase

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22
Q

what dominates inhibitory influence on HR, SNS – stimulatory influence on contraction

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

What allows the action potential to spread from one cardiac cell to an adjacent cardiac cell, and therefore allows the heart to behave as a syncytium (many acting as one)?

A

intercalated discs

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24
Q

What delays the wave of depolarization from entering the ventricle, and allows atria to contract slightly ahead of the ventricles

A

AV node

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25
Q

what creates only a diastolic murmur?

A

mitral stenosis -Diastolic

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26
Q

what creates only a systolic murmur?

A

aortic stenosis

pulmonic stenosis

27
Q

what creates a diastolic and systolic murmur? (combined valvular defect)

A

patent ductus arteriosis

28
Q

what causes a diastolic insufficiency

A

aortic and pulmonary insufficiency

29
Q

what causes systolic insufficiency

A

mitral and tricuspid insufficiency

30
Q

systolic problems

A

A+P Stenosis, M+ Tri Insufficiency, its reversed for diastolic.

31
Q

Reperfusion injury following infarction is primarily associated with which of the following?

A

free radical production

32
Q

overdrive suppression

A

drive a self-excitatory cell at a rate faster than its own inherent rate, you will suppress the cell’s own automaticity

33
Q

sympathetic activity

A

+ HR, +Strength of contraction, +Conduction velocity

34
Q

If the left atrial pressure is 7 mmHg., the left ventricular pressure is 100 mmHg., and the aortic blood pressure is 106 mmHg., what is the status of the valves on that side of the heart

A

mitral and aortic valves closed

rememeber the heart is all pressure gradients

35
Q

Increased stretch on the ventricular fibers during filling, have what effect on calcium influx into the ventricular cells?

A

increase

“More Ca++ influx into cell associated with increased stretch, and increased venous return”

36
Q

Which of the following has a positive inotropic effect on the ventricle.

A

thyroxine – Thyroid hormones have a +Inotropic (inc strength) & +Chronotropic (Inc HR) & Inc CO by Inc BMR

37
Q

A wave of repolarization moving toward the positive recording electrode would create what type of deflection?

A

negative deflection

38
Q

Depole Towards (+) & Repole Toward ( - )

A

positive

39
Q

Depole Towards (-) & Repole Toward ( + )

A

negative

40
Q

When does myocardial blood flow peak in the left ventricle?

A

at the onset of diastole

41
Q

Which of the following statements regarding a prolonged QT interval (increased incidence of sudden cardiac death) is true?

A

males are more susceptible than females
Prolonged QT also associated with Left Stellate Ganglion stimulation, higher propensity to develop ventricular fibrillation

42
Q

If the sympathetic nerves to the heart are cut, and then the SNS is stimulated, heart rate will
still increase, why?

A

circulating norepinephrine/epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

43
Q

Under resting conditions, what percentage of oxygen is extracted by the myocardium from the perfusing coronary blood flow?

A

70%

44
Q

The preferred energy substrate of ventricular cardiac cells is which of the following?

A

fatty acids - 70%

others include: glucose, glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, amino acids

45
Q

At a constant operating pressure what happens to the wall tension as the radius of that chamber decreases?

A

decreases

46
Q

No consistent relationship of P waves to QRS complexes describes which of the following?

A

3rd o AV block

47
Q

1st degree

A

Depolarization wave from atria to ventricle is delayed excessively (But it still happens)

48
Q

2nd degree

A

Some depolarization waves pass, others blocked

49
Q

3rd degree

A

All depolarization waves from atria to ventricles are blocked

50
Q

As heart rate increases, cycle length decreases, which of the following statements is true?

A

diastole shortens more than systole

at resting HR: systole

51
Q

Most of the energy consumed by the heart for work is utilized for which of the following

A

pressurization of blood by the ventricles >99%

52
Q

An inverted T wave is associated with which of the following?

A

ischemia

53
Q

An elevated ST segment is associated with which of the following?

A

infarction

54
Q

A PR interval greater than .20 sec. is associated with which of the following?

A

first degree AV block

55
Q

A prolonged QRS complex (>.12 sec) is associated with which of the following?

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

56
Q

A PR interval less than .1 sec. is associated with which of the following?

A

inadequate delay, possible accessory conduction pathway from atria to ventricle

57
Q

What is the major function of the AV node?

A

delays the wave of depolarization from the atria to the ventricle

58
Q

What is the major function of the SA node?

A

normal pacemaker of the heart

59
Q

What is the major function of intercalated discs?

A

allows the ventricle to depolarize as a unit

60
Q

Which of the following changes in ion flux will slow the heart rate?

A

increased K+ efflux

61
Q

Which of the following changes in ion flux will increase stretch of the heart

A

increase in Ca++ influx

62
Q

A traumatized vessel will constrict; most of the constriction is due to which of the following?

A

local myogenic spasm

63
Q

induced constriction from pain

A

SNS reflex contraction

phys 3 (1 decks)

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