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Pharmaceutics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Molarity (M)

A

moles of solute in 1 liter of solution

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2
Q

Molality (m)

A

moles of solute in 1000 g (1 kg) of solvent

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3
Q

Mole Fraction (X)

A

ratio of moles of one constituent to total moles

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4
Q

Percent by weight (%w/w)

A

grams of solute in 100 g of solution

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5
Q

Percent by Volume (%v/v)

A

milliliters of solute in 100 mL of solution

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6
Q

Percent by weight-in-volume (%w/v)

A

grams of solute in 100 mL of solution

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7
Q

Density (g/cm^3)

A

grams of solution in 1 mL of solution

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8
Q

Drug

A

agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in humans or in other animals.

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9
Q

What is the only difference between a drug and a poison?

A

The dose.

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10
Q

Drugs date back to approximately _____

A

3000 BC

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11
Q

Ebers papyrus

A

most famous ancient writing on drugs. A 60 foot long papyrus with over 800 formulas and 700 drugs dating back to 1550 BC.

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12
Q

Hippocrates

A

460-377 BC

described hundreds of drugs, and the term “pharmakon” came to mean a purifying remedy for good only.

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13
Q

Dioscorides

A

1st century
studied pharmaceutical botany and described collection and proper storage. Also had means of detecting contaminants, and set standards.

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14
Q

Galen

A

130-200 AD
“Galenic Pharmacy”
Wrote about numerous drugs and described preparations of vegetable drugs by mixing and compounding.

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15
Q

Avicenna

A

981-1037
wrote the Canon of Medicine in Persia that remained the common medical text in Europe until the 18th century.
State that disease could be spread through water, air, or soil. Introduced the ideas of quarantine. Evidence based medicine and randomized clinical trials.

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16
Q

Emperor Frederick II of Germany

A

Officially separated pharmacy from medicine in 1240

Pharmacists were required to prepare reliable drugs of uniform quality.

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17
Q

Paracelsus

A

1493-1541
transformed the profession from one based on botany to one based on chemistry. He believed it was possible to cure any disease with a specific medicinal agent.

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18
Q

Pharmacopeia of London

A

1618

contained descriptions of how to mix components and contained standards

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19
Q

1800s

A

Morphine was isolated from opium and was developed as a pain killer; “miracle drug”
Name morphine after the greek god of dreams Morpheus
Quinine, caffeine, codeine were also isolated.

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20
Q

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

A

1820
Pharmakon (drug) + poiein (make)
provided standards to insure drug quality
272 pages w/ 217 drugs

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21
Q

Philadelphia college of pharmacy

A

Nations first pharmacy school

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22
Q

First organic molecule synthesized

A

Urea in 1828

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23
Q

1858

A

Doctors first experimented with hypodermic needle to directly inject morphine into the bloodstream. Common instrument by 1870 and this route of administration was thought to prevent addiction.

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24
Q

1860

A

Pure cocaine extracted from coca and tried on almost every illness known to man.

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25
Q

Germ theory

A

Pasteur presented germ theory in 1865

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26
Q

1884

A

purified cocaine became commercially available in the US

Thought it was a harmless stimulant that was “no more habit forming than coffee or tea”

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27
Q

Rabies vaccine

A

first vaccine

1885

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28
Q

National Formulary

A

1888 created and included some drugs not included in the USP

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29
Q

Heroin

A

Bayer aggressively marketed to doctors and patents as “safe and non-addictive” substitute for morphine

30
Q

Aspirin

A

1899- Bayer introduced ASA

31
Q

Pure Food and Drug Act

A

1906
Roosevelt signed this act that said drugs labeled USP or NF must conform to the standards set forth.
Required: accurate labeling
Drugs at this point were not thought to be curative.

32
Q

Syphilis test

A

1906 test became available

33
Q

Arsphenamine

A

found to cure syphilis in 1910 and was the first drug to be curative.

34
Q

Shirley Amendment

A

1912 this was passed and prohibited false claims

35
Q

Harrison Act

A

1914
required strict accounting of opium and coca from entry into the US to patient; taxed at each transfer. Forbade cocaine in any other remedies and required a prescription. First law where federal government controls prescribing practices.

36
Q

Insulin isolated

A

1922

37
Q

PCN discovered

A

1928 and commercially available in 1945

38
Q

Marijuana Tax Act

A

1937 passed to control and tax marijuana

39
Q

Food drug and cosmetic act

A

1938
in response to the sulfanilamide deaths when a pharmacist mixed diethylene glycol in an elixir to improve solubility and ended up killing 100 people.
Act prohibits the distribution and use of any new drug without prior filing of a new drug application.
FDA became responsible for granting or denying permission to distribute a new product.
Must be safe for human use.

40
Q

Durham-Humphrey Amendment

A

limited new drugs to prescription-only dispensing

No refills without consent of physician

41
Q

Polio vaccine

A

1954

42
Q

Birth control pill

A

1960

43
Q

Thalidomide

A

1962
sold OTC in Europe as a sedative and tranquilizer
Birth defects were reported in Europe

44
Q

Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments

A

drugs were both safe and effective before FDA would approve for marketing
Dur sponsors were now required to submit an investigational new drug application before testing in humans

45
Q

Measles vaccine

A

1963

46
Q

Mumps vaccine

A

1967

47
Q

Marijuana illegal

A

1970- Comprehensive Drug Abuse Act made it illegal

48
Q

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

A

1994 Congress passed- differentiated between regulated, FDA approved drugs and herbal/dietary supplements
Not allowed to have claims of curing or preventing diseases

49
Q

Phase 1 Clinical Trials

A

1.5 years
20-100 HEALTHY volunteers
Determine: safety and dosage
initial dose is very low and gradually increased

50
Q

Phase II Clinical Trials

A

2 years
100 to 500 patient volunteers
Evaluate: effectiveness, look for side effects

51
Q

Phase III Clinical Trials

A

3.5 years
1000- 5000 patient volunteers
Confirm effectiveness, monitor adverse reactions from long term use

52
Q

Phase IV Clinical Trials

A

Additional post marketing testing required by FDA

53
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Ratio between median effective dose and median toxic dose- preferred to have a high therapeutic index

54
Q

Orphan Drug Act

A

1983- facilitate the development of drugs for treating diseases that affect less than 200,000 people in the US.

55
Q

Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act

A

1984
allows applications for generic copies of approved drugs to be filed through an abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) after 17 years

56
Q

Generic form

A

same active ingredients
identical strength, dosage form, and route of administration
same indications and precautions for use and other labeling instructions
bioequivalency
same batch-to-batch requirements for identity,s trenght, purity and quality

57
Q

Bioavailability

A

rate and extent to which an active drug is absorbed from a dosage form and becomes available at the site of action.

58
Q

Bioequivalences

A

Compares the bioavailabilities of different formulations and dosage forms
Must have same area under the curve & same Cmax

59
Q

Cmax

A

Max concentration drug reaches

60
Q

Tmax

A

time of peak concentration

61
Q

Solubilization Steps

A
  1. Remove molecule from solute phase (vaporizing) requires energy
  2. Creation of a cavity (hole) in the solvent requires energy
  3. Placing the solute molecules in the solvents cavity- energetically favorable
62
Q

Heat of hydration

A

heat liberated when ions are hydrated

the energy it takes to overcome the lattice forces to make something more soluble

63
Q

Complexation

A

molecular interaction or association, producing a substance with properties different than the starting materials

64
Q

Chelating Agent

A

binds to a metal through more than one functional group

EX: EDTA

65
Q

Tetracyline

A

binds to Ca containing tissues (teeth, bone, breast milk). Danger is greatest for young children, lactating women, and those affected by degenerative bone diseases (osteoporosis)

66
Q

Serum albumin binds ____

A

cationic substances

67
Q

alpha-glycoprotein binds ___

A

anionic substances

68
Q

Free radical oxidation steps

A
  1. initiation
  2. propagation
  3. termination
69
Q

Anti oxidants in aqueous solutions

A

Sodium sulfite & bisulfite
Hypo phosphorous acid
Ascorbic acid

70
Q

Anti oxidants in oleaginous (oily) preparations

A

alpha tocopherol
butylhydroxyanisole
ascorbic palmitate

71
Q

Arrhenius Activation Energy

A

energy barrier that must be overcome for the reaction to proceed.

Pharmaceutics (1 decks)

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