Exam 1 Flashcards
Recruitment is the combined results of
Physical
Behavioral
Ecological processes
Give one example of a physical, behavioral, and ecological process that is a result of predation
Currents (physical)
Habitat/depth selection (behavioral)
Predation (ecological)
Fish species that spends most of its life feeding in the open ocean but migrates to spawn in fresh water
Anadromous fish
Fish that spawns in seawater but feeds and spends most of its life in estuarine or fresh water
Catadromous fish
What effect does fishing (harvesting by humans) often have in the life history characteristic of first reproduction?
Size and age of first reproduction decreases because they’ll have higher reproductive success early on and increased chance of passing on their genes before being caught
3 costs of free spawning
Current patterns can prevent movement of larvae between populations
Natural selection: larvae from other populations may not be able to survive in specific environments
Biological characteristics- length of larval period and larval period
2 factors that can act to reduce genetic interchange between populations of species with planktonic larvae
Current patterns
Strong natural selection for particular environment conditions
What is the function of homeothermic in animals
Regulate body temperature
3 types of animals that have homeothermy
Whales, turtles, Dolphins
How the boundary layer affects a filter feeding animal on the sea floor in low Re conditions
Nutrients are depleted in this layer, reducing the amount of food filter feeders can intake
Explain how organisms that move water with time cellular structures (cilia, flagellae) such as sponges or bivalve mollusks can create high velocity exhale my currents
Principle of continuity- the flow velocity in the smaller exhalent current will have to be higher. Cross-sectional area of tubes for water propulsion and a smaller diameter of exhalent tubing
Why is having a streamline shape a likely adaptation for reducing the energy costs of swimming?
Streamline shape tapers and reduces turbulence in the wake and drag is greatly reduced
Where salt and freshwater meet
Estuary
Organisms in the water column that can swim against currents
Nekton
Organisms associated with the sea floor
Benthos
Because of the Coriolanus effect and friction, water moves on average 90 degrees from the direction of the wind pushing it
Eckman transport
Why is the ocean salty?
Because of the dissolved material that gets brought from land by freshwater flow
Transitioning from one life stage to the next
Recruitment
What processes causes adding of oxygen to water? Subtraction?
Photosynthesis and respiration
Why is there an oxygen minimum layer?
Corresponds to the bottom of the thermocline; because of density change, particulates accumulate there and decomposition removes oxygen
What two factors play the largest role in determining sea water density
Salinity and temperature
What is he major cause of verticals water stratification in an estuary?
Density differences between the freshwater and seawater
What discovery about the rocks of the sea floor contributed to the understanding of continental drift
There are symmetrical bands of rocks with matching magnetic polarity at equal distances from the oceanic ridges, which indicates that the rock of the ocean floor has been moving away from the ridge in both directions
What is the main driving force of the oceans surface currents? Of the deep circulation?
Surface: wind
Deep: density differences
What principle underlies the operation of a countercurrent heat exchanger
Arterial (flowing out) and venous (flowing in) blood vessels run parallel, but with flow in opposite directions. As a result, at any point, cooler blood is always next to warmer blood, so heat is conducted from outgoing blood into the incoming blood and is retained in the animal’s body and not lost to the environment.
What special osmotic problem do marine bony fish have and how do they solve it?
The internal fluids of Bing fish have lower salinity than seawater, and as a result, water constantly leaves the fish by osmosis. To replace the water, they drink seawater and bring in salt, which is excreted in highly concentrated urine and glands in the gills
What are the major ways marine organisms take up oxygen from the environment
Diffusion, gills, lungs
Why is the concept of Re very important to understanding living organisms in the ocean, but not very important for life in air?
Water is much more viscous compared to air. In air, physical processes don’t change as much across the range of body sizes and movement rates as they do in water.
How the boundary layer affects a chemosensory cell antennule of a crab in low Re conditions
If Re is low, the boundary layer is thick and may surround the sensory cell, preventing contact with the chemicals it’s supposed to detect
What are the three types of offspring produced by marine invertebrates?
Brooded (released as small adults) Lecithotrophic larvae (short lived yolk supported) Planktotrophic larvae (longer lived plankton feeding)
What is a hypothesis for why anadromous is more common in high (temperate) latitudes and catadromous more common in the tropics?
The pattern matches the availability of food for the adult stage. In temperate regions, streams tend to have low productivity but the ocean high. In tropical regions, the ocean tends to have low productivity and streams relatively high productivity.
