Exam 1

Question 1

Recruitment is the combined results of

Answer 1

Physical
Behavioral
Ecological processes

Question 2

Give one example of a physical, behavioral, and ecological process that is a result of predation

Answer 2

Currents (physical)
Habitat/depth selection (behavioral)
Predation (ecological)

Question 3

Fish species that spends most of its life feeding in the open ocean but migrates to spawn in fresh water

Answer 3

Anadromous fish

Question 4

Fish that spawns in seawater but feeds and spends most of its life in estuarine or fresh water

Answer 4

Catadromous fish

Question 5

What effect does fishing (harvesting by humans) often have in the life history characteristic of first reproduction?

Answer 5

Size and age of first reproduction decreases because they’ll have higher reproductive success early on and increased chance of passing on their genes before being caught

Question 6

3 costs of free spawning

Answer 6

Current patterns can prevent movement of larvae between populations

Natural selection: larvae from other populations may not be able to survive in specific environments

Biological characteristics- length of larval period and larval period

Question 7

2 factors that can act to reduce genetic interchange between populations of species with planktonic larvae

Answer 7

Current patterns

Strong natural selection for particular environment conditions

Question 8

What is the function of homeothermic in animals

Answer 8

Regulate body temperature

Question 9

3 types of animals that have homeothermy

Answer 9

Whales, turtles, Dolphins

Question 10

How the boundary layer affects a filter feeding animal on the sea floor in low Re conditions

Answer 10

Nutrients are depleted in this layer, reducing the amount of food filter feeders can intake

Question 11

Explain how organisms that move water with time cellular structures (cilia, flagellae) such as sponges or bivalve mollusks can create high velocity exhale my currents

Answer 11

Principle of continuity- the flow velocity in the smaller exhalent current will have to be higher. Cross-sectional area of tubes for water propulsion and a smaller diameter of exhalent tubing

Question 12

Why is having a streamline shape a likely adaptation for reducing the energy costs of swimming?

Answer 12

Streamline shape tapers and reduces turbulence in the wake and drag is greatly reduced

Question 13

Where salt and freshwater meet

Answer 13

Estuary

Question 14

Organisms in the water column that can swim against currents

Answer 14

Nekton

Question 15

Organisms associated with the sea floor

Answer 15

Benthos

Question 16

Because of the Coriolanus effect and friction, water moves on average 90 degrees from the direction of the wind pushing it

Answer 16

Eckman transport

Question 17

Why is the ocean salty?

Answer 17

Because of the dissolved material that gets brought from land by freshwater flow

Question 18

Transitioning from one life stage to the next

Answer 18

Recruitment

Question 19

What processes causes adding of oxygen to water? Subtraction?

Answer 19

Photosynthesis and respiration

Question 20

Why is there an oxygen minimum layer?

Answer 20

Corresponds to the bottom of the thermocline; because of density change, particulates accumulate there and decomposition removes oxygen

Question 21

What two factors play the largest role in determining sea water density

Answer 21

Salinity and temperature

Question 22

What is he major cause of verticals water stratification in an estuary?

Answer 22

Density differences between the freshwater and seawater

Question 23

What discovery about the rocks of the sea floor contributed to the understanding of continental drift

Answer 23

There are symmetrical bands of rocks with matching magnetic polarity at equal distances from the oceanic ridges, which indicates that the rock of the ocean floor has been moving away from the ridge in both directions

Question 24

What is the main driving force of the oceans surface currents? Of the deep circulation?

Answer 24

Surface: wind
Deep: density differences

Question 25

What principle underlies the operation of a countercurrent heat exchanger

Answer 25

Arterial (flowing out) and venous (flowing in) blood vessels run parallel, but with flow in opposite directions. As a result, at any point, cooler blood is always next to warmer blood, so heat is conducted from outgoing blood into the incoming blood and is retained in the animal's body and not lost to the environment.

Question 26

What special osmotic problem do marine bony fish have and how do they solve it?

Answer 26

The internal fluids of Bing fish have lower salinity than seawater, and as a result, water constantly leaves the fish by osmosis. To replace the water, they drink seawater and bring in salt, which is excreted in highly concentrated urine and glands in the gills

Question 27

What are the major ways marine organisms take up oxygen from the environment

Answer 27

Diffusion, gills, lungs

Question 28

Why is the concept of Re very important to understanding living organisms in the ocean, but not very important for life in air?

Answer 28

Water is much more viscous compared to air. In air, physical processes don't change as much across the range of body sizes and movement rates as they do in water.

Question 29

How the boundary layer affects a chemosensory cell antennule of a crab in low Re conditions

Answer 29

If Re is low, the boundary layer is thick and may surround the sensory cell, preventing contact with the chemicals it's supposed to detect

Question 30

What are the three types of offspring produced by marine invertebrates?

Answer 30

``` Brooded (released as small adults) Lecithotrophic larvae (short lived yolk supported) Planktotrophic larvae (longer lived plankton feeding) ```

Question 31

What is a hypothesis for why anadromous is more common in high (temperate) latitudes and catadromous more common in the tropics?

Answer 31

The pattern matches the availability of food for the adult stage. In temperate regions, streams tend to have low productivity but the ocean high. In tropical regions, the ocean tends to have low productivity and streams relatively high productivity.