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Construction methods > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The portion of a building that transmits structural loads from the building into the earths

A

Foundation

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2
Q

permanent loads on a building, including the weight of the building itself and and permanently attached equipment

A

Dead Load

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3
Q

Nonpermanent loads on a building caused by the weights of people, furnishings, machines, vehicles, and goods in or on building

A

Live Load

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4
Q

Subsidence of the various foundation elements of building at the same rate, resulting in no distress to the structure of the building

A

Uniform settlement

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5
Q

Subsidence of the various foundation elements of a building at differing rates

A

Differential settlement

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6
Q

Rock or soil can be referred to as:

A

Earth Material

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7
Q

The moisture content at which a soil arrives at a flowable consistency; a relative indication of soil cohesiveness

A

Liquid Limit

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8
Q

In freshly poured concrete, to eliminate trapped air and cause the concrete to fill completely around the reinforcing bars and into all the corners of the formwork, usually done by vibrating the concrete

A

Consolidation

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9
Q

Crushed stone or gravel backfill materials with good drainage characteristics, placed around a foundation to facilitate drainage

A

Drainage fill

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10
Q

A device for testing the resistance of material to penetration, Usually used to make a quick, approximate determination of its compressive strenght

A

Penetrometer

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11
Q

A building foundation located at the base of a wall or column, bearing on soil relatively close to the ground surface

A

Shallow Foundation

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12
Q

A building foundation that extends through upper strata of incompetent soil to reach deeper strata with greater bearing capacity

A

Deep Foundation

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13
Q

Earth compacted into place in such a way that it has predictable physical properties, based on laboratory test and specified, supervised installation procedure

A

Engineered fill

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14
Q

The depth in the earth to which the soil can be expected to freeze during a severe winter

A

Frost line

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15
Q

A concrete surface lying upon, and supported directly by, the ground underneath

A

Slab on grade

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16
Q

A space that is not tall enough to stand in, located beneath the bottom floor of a building

A

Crawl space

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17
Q

A long, slender piece of a material driven into the ground to act as an element of a foundation

A

Piling

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18
Q

A thick slab of reinforced concrete poured across the top of pile cluster act as a unit in supporting a column or grade beam

A

Pile Cap

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19
Q

Material acting as a barrier to the flow of water and capable of withstanding hydrostatic pressure

A

Waterproofing

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20
Q

A wall that resists horizontal soil pressures at an abrupt change in ground elevation

A

Retaining wall

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21
Q

Earth or earthed material used to fill the excavation around a foundation; the act of filling around a foundation

A

Backfilling

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22
Q

A slab of weak concrete placed directly on the ground to provide a working surface that is hard, level and dry.

A

Mud slab

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23
Q

Resistance to internal sliding

A

Shear Stength

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24
Q

Brickwork, concrete block work, and stone work

A

Masonry

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25
Q

A brick, stone, concrete block, glass block, or hollow clay tile intended to be laid in mortar

A

Masonry Unit

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26
Q

Mortar made from portland cement, hydrated lime, aggregate, and water; the most traditional formulation of modern masonry mortars

A

Cement-lime

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27
Q

A gray or white powder, composed principally of calcium silicates, which, when combined with water, hydrates to form the binder in concrete, mortar and stucco

A

Portland cement

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28
Q

Insert particles, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or expanded minerals, in a concrete, mortar or plaster

A

Aggregate

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29
Q

A blend of portland cement, lime, and other additives that produces mortar comparable in its bond strength properties to cement-lime mortar

A

Mortar cement

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30
Q

The process of converting dry clay into a ceramic material through the application of intense heat

A

Firing

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31
Q

Conforming to a multiple of a fixed dimension

A

Modular Brick

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32
Q

Clay brick with up to 60% void area

A

Hollow Brick

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33
Q

The horizontal layer of mortar beneath a masonry unit

A

Bed joint

34
Q

The vertical layer of mortar between ends of masonry unit

A

Head joint

35
Q

A brick laid on its long edge, with its en exposed in the face of the wall

A

Rowlock

36
Q

A brick or masonry unit that is laid across two wither with its end exposed in the face of the wall

A

Header

37
Q

A brick or masonry unit laid in its most usual position, with the broadest surface of the unit horizontal and the length of the unit parallel to the surface of the wall

A

Stretcher

38
Q

A brick laid on its end, with its narrow face towards the outside of the wall

A

Soldier

39
Q

The interlocking pattern of masonry units used to tie two or ore wither together in a wall

A

Structural Bond

40
Q

Brickwork laid with five courses of stretchers followed by one course of headers

A

Common Bond

41
Q

Brickwork laid with each course consisting of alternating headers and stretchers

A

Flemish bond

42
Q

Brickwork laid with alternating courses, each consisting entirely of headers or stretchers

A

English Bond

43
Q

Brickwork consisting entirely of stretchers

A

Running Bond

44
Q

Brickwork into which steel bars have been embedded to impart tensile strength to the construction

A

Reinforced brick masonry

45
Q

A high slump mixture of portland cement, aggregates, and water, can be poured or pumped into cavities in concrete or masonry for the purpose of embedding reinforcing bars and increasing the amount of load bearing materials in a wall

A

Grout

46
Q

Masonry wall without cavities; historically thick, monolithic masonry walls that rely primarily on their mass for their strength, durability and tempting of the flow of heat and moisture from inside to outside

A

Solid Masonry

47
Q

A masonry wall that includes a continuos airspace between its outer-most with and remainder of the wall

A

Cavity wall

48
Q

A material placed in the airspace of a cavity wall to catch mortar droppings and prevent clogging of weep holes at the bottom of the cavity

A

Cavity drainage material

49
Q

A thin, continuous sheet of metal, plastic, rubber, or waterproof paper used to prevent the passage of water through a joint in a wall, roof or chimney

A

Flashing

50
Q

A small opening whose purpose is to permit drainage of water that accumulates inside a building component or assembly

A

Weep hole

51
Q

A thin layer, sheet or facing, veneer plaster/ veneer blast base

A

Veneer

52
Q

A wall that carries structural loads from floors, roofs, or walls above

A

Bearing wall

53
Q

In masonry, a flashing that in not concealed with the masonry, also called concealed or through-wall flashing

A

Internal flashing

54
Q

a connection designed to allow the structure of a building and its cladding or partitions to move independently

A

Structure/enclosure Joint

55
Q

Live loads include:

A

Rain, Snow, Wind, Seismic, internal soil pressure, hydrostatic pressure (flood loads)

56
Q

Structures that are close to other buildings must not:

A

Impose new loads or alter groundwater conditions

57
Q

Dense, continuous mass of mineral materials; rarely monolithic; strongest and most stable; however very deep in the earth / hard to reach

A

Consolidated rock (Bedrock)

58
Q

Any earth material that is particulate; boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, silt, clay

A

Soil

59
Q

Range of particle sized

A

Gradation

60
Q

A broad, well distributed range of particle sizes; Containing less empty space

A

well graded

61
Q

Consist of particles more limited in range of sized

A

Poorly graded

62
Q

Elevation at which the soil is normally fully saturated

A

Water table

63
Q

dug when the foundation will not extend 16’

A

test pits

64
Q

Where open test pits are not practical or information at greater depths is required with portable drilling rigs

A

Test borings

65
Q

Evaluate bearing capacity and stability of the soil

A

Load tests

66
Q

Construction used to support the sides of an excavation and prevent its collapse

A

Shoring

67
Q

Vertical sheets of various materials aligned edge to edge and driven into the earth

A

Sheet piling

68
Q

Sides of an excavation are strengthened by blending of portland cement and water with existing soil

A

Soil mixing

69
Q

As excavation deepens, support system must be braced against the earth and water pressures; crosslot bracing, rakers, tiebacks

A

Bracing

70
Q

Removal of water from the excavation or surrounding soil; well points and watertight barrier

A

Dewatering

71
Q

Most shallow simple concrete foundation

A

Spread footings

72
Q

square block concrete, with or without steel reinforcing; may be linked together by reinforced concrete tie beams

A

Column footing

73
Q

Situations where baring capacity of soil is low in relation to building loads; for very tall building are heavily reinforced (6’ or more)

A

Mat foundation

74
Q

“drilled pier” similar to a column footing, extends through strata of unsatisfactory soil beneath the substructure of a building until it reaches a more suitable stratum

A

Caisson

75
Q

caisson drilled into rock at the bottom rather than being belled:

A

Socketed caisson

76
Q

More slender than caisson, forcibly driven into the earth rather than drilled or poured; used where non cohesive soils, subsurface water or excessive depth of bearing strata make caissons impractical

A

Piles

77
Q

Pile is driven until its tip encounters firm resistance from a suitable bearing stratum

A

End bearing pile

78
Q

No fir bearing layer can be reached, pile may still develop a considerable load-carrying capacity through frictional resistance between the sides of a pile and the soil

A

Friction pile

79
Q

Later joints at the top reinforcing the concrete of the pile; dirstributes the load of the column or wall above among the piles

A

Pile cap

80
Q

Piles can be made of:

A

Timber and steel

81
Q

The strengthening and stabilizing of an existing foundation, may be required where a foundation was improperly designed and has proved inadequate

A

Underpinning

Construction methods (1 decks)

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