Exam 1 Flashcards
The portion of a building that transmits structural loads from the building into the earths
Foundation
permanent loads on a building, including the weight of the building itself and and permanently attached equipment
Dead Load
Nonpermanent loads on a building caused by the weights of people, furnishings, machines, vehicles, and goods in or on building
Live Load
Subsidence of the various foundation elements of building at the same rate, resulting in no distress to the structure of the building
Uniform settlement
Subsidence of the various foundation elements of a building at differing rates
Differential settlement
Rock or soil can be referred to as:
Earth Material
The moisture content at which a soil arrives at a flowable consistency; a relative indication of soil cohesiveness
Liquid Limit
In freshly poured concrete, to eliminate trapped air and cause the concrete to fill completely around the reinforcing bars and into all the corners of the formwork, usually done by vibrating the concrete
Consolidation
Crushed stone or gravel backfill materials with good drainage characteristics, placed around a foundation to facilitate drainage
Drainage fill
A device for testing the resistance of material to penetration, Usually used to make a quick, approximate determination of its compressive strenght
Penetrometer
A building foundation located at the base of a wall or column, bearing on soil relatively close to the ground surface
Shallow Foundation
A building foundation that extends through upper strata of incompetent soil to reach deeper strata with greater bearing capacity
Deep Foundation
Earth compacted into place in such a way that it has predictable physical properties, based on laboratory test and specified, supervised installation procedure
Engineered fill
The depth in the earth to which the soil can be expected to freeze during a severe winter
Frost line
A concrete surface lying upon, and supported directly by, the ground underneath
Slab on grade
A space that is not tall enough to stand in, located beneath the bottom floor of a building
Crawl space
A long, slender piece of a material driven into the ground to act as an element of a foundation
Piling
A thick slab of reinforced concrete poured across the top of pile cluster act as a unit in supporting a column or grade beam
Pile Cap
Material acting as a barrier to the flow of water and capable of withstanding hydrostatic pressure
Waterproofing
A wall that resists horizontal soil pressures at an abrupt change in ground elevation
Retaining wall
Earth or earthed material used to fill the excavation around a foundation; the act of filling around a foundation
Backfilling
A slab of weak concrete placed directly on the ground to provide a working surface that is hard, level and dry.
Mud slab
Resistance to internal sliding
Shear Stength
Brickwork, concrete block work, and stone work
Masonry
A brick, stone, concrete block, glass block, or hollow clay tile intended to be laid in mortar
Masonry Unit
Mortar made from portland cement, hydrated lime, aggregate, and water; the most traditional formulation of modern masonry mortars
Cement-lime
A gray or white powder, composed principally of calcium silicates, which, when combined with water, hydrates to form the binder in concrete, mortar and stucco
Portland cement
Insert particles, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or expanded minerals, in a concrete, mortar or plaster
Aggregate
A blend of portland cement, lime, and other additives that produces mortar comparable in its bond strength properties to cement-lime mortar
Mortar cement
The process of converting dry clay into a ceramic material through the application of intense heat
Firing
Conforming to a multiple of a fixed dimension
Modular Brick
Clay brick with up to 60% void area
Hollow Brick
The horizontal layer of mortar beneath a masonry unit
Bed joint
The vertical layer of mortar between ends of masonry unit
Head joint
A brick laid on its long edge, with its en exposed in the face of the wall
Rowlock
A brick or masonry unit that is laid across two wither with its end exposed in the face of the wall
Header
A brick or masonry unit laid in its most usual position, with the broadest surface of the unit horizontal and the length of the unit parallel to the surface of the wall
Stretcher
A brick laid on its end, with its narrow face towards the outside of the wall
Soldier
The interlocking pattern of masonry units used to tie two or ore wither together in a wall
Structural Bond
Brickwork laid with five courses of stretchers followed by one course of headers
Common Bond
Brickwork laid with each course consisting of alternating headers and stretchers
Flemish bond
Brickwork laid with alternating courses, each consisting entirely of headers or stretchers
English Bond
Brickwork consisting entirely of stretchers
Running Bond
Brickwork into which steel bars have been embedded to impart tensile strength to the construction
Reinforced brick masonry
A high slump mixture of portland cement, aggregates, and water, can be poured or pumped into cavities in concrete or masonry for the purpose of embedding reinforcing bars and increasing the amount of load bearing materials in a wall
Grout
Masonry wall without cavities; historically thick, monolithic masonry walls that rely primarily on their mass for their strength, durability and tempting of the flow of heat and moisture from inside to outside
Solid Masonry
A masonry wall that includes a continuos airspace between its outer-most with and remainder of the wall
Cavity wall
A material placed in the airspace of a cavity wall to catch mortar droppings and prevent clogging of weep holes at the bottom of the cavity
Cavity drainage material
A thin, continuous sheet of metal, plastic, rubber, or waterproof paper used to prevent the passage of water through a joint in a wall, roof or chimney
Flashing
A small opening whose purpose is to permit drainage of water that accumulates inside a building component or assembly
Weep hole
A thin layer, sheet or facing, veneer plaster/ veneer blast base
Veneer
A wall that carries structural loads from floors, roofs, or walls above
Bearing wall
In masonry, a flashing that in not concealed with the masonry, also called concealed or through-wall flashing
Internal flashing
a connection designed to allow the structure of a building and its cladding or partitions to move independently
Structure/enclosure Joint
Live loads include:
Rain, Snow, Wind, Seismic, internal soil pressure, hydrostatic pressure (flood loads)
Structures that are close to other buildings must not:
Impose new loads or alter groundwater conditions
Dense, continuous mass of mineral materials; rarely monolithic; strongest and most stable; however very deep in the earth / hard to reach
Consolidated rock (Bedrock)
Any earth material that is particulate; boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, silt, clay
Soil
Range of particle sized
Gradation
A broad, well distributed range of particle sizes; Containing less empty space
well graded
Consist of particles more limited in range of sized
Poorly graded
Elevation at which the soil is normally fully saturated
Water table
dug when the foundation will not extend 16’
test pits
Where open test pits are not practical or information at greater depths is required with portable drilling rigs
Test borings
Evaluate bearing capacity and stability of the soil
Load tests
Construction used to support the sides of an excavation and prevent its collapse
Shoring
Vertical sheets of various materials aligned edge to edge and driven into the earth
Sheet piling
Sides of an excavation are strengthened by blending of portland cement and water with existing soil
Soil mixing
As excavation deepens, support system must be braced against the earth and water pressures; crosslot bracing, rakers, tiebacks
Bracing
Removal of water from the excavation or surrounding soil; well points and watertight barrier
Dewatering
Most shallow simple concrete foundation
Spread footings
square block concrete, with or without steel reinforcing; may be linked together by reinforced concrete tie beams
Column footing
Situations where baring capacity of soil is low in relation to building loads; for very tall building are heavily reinforced (6’ or more)
Mat foundation
“drilled pier” similar to a column footing, extends through strata of unsatisfactory soil beneath the substructure of a building until it reaches a more suitable stratum
Caisson
caisson drilled into rock at the bottom rather than being belled:
Socketed caisson
More slender than caisson, forcibly driven into the earth rather than drilled or poured; used where non cohesive soils, subsurface water or excessive depth of bearing strata make caissons impractical
Piles
Pile is driven until its tip encounters firm resistance from a suitable bearing stratum
End bearing pile
No fir bearing layer can be reached, pile may still develop a considerable load-carrying capacity through frictional resistance between the sides of a pile and the soil
Friction pile
Later joints at the top reinforcing the concrete of the pile; dirstributes the load of the column or wall above among the piles
Pile cap
Piles can be made of:
Timber and steel
The strengthening and stabilizing of an existing foundation, may be required where a foundation was improperly designed and has proved inadequate
Underpinning
