Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
physical domain
A
sex characteristics, height, weight, senses
2
Q
cognitive
A
-thought processes, perception, IQ
3
Q
psychosocial
A
-personality, relationships, emotions
4
Q
8 periods of lifespan
A
- prenatal: birth
- infancy/toddllerhood: birth - 3
- early childhood: 3-6
- middle childhood: 6-11
- adolescence: 12 - 20
- young adult: 20-40
- middle adult: 20-65
- late adult: 65+
5
Q
social contruction
A
- concept or practice that is an invention of a particular culture or society
- ex: adolescence and middle adulthood
6
Q
nature
A
- genetics, DNA
- genetic inheritance from parents
7
Q
nurture
A
- environment
- what goes on around you
8
Q
normative influences
A
- events that effect many or most people in a similar way
- ex: music, puberty, school
9
Q
non normative
A
-unusual events that have a major impact on individual lives
10
Q
age graded influences
A
-similar events for people in same age group
11
Q
history graded events
A
- events that shape generations because they experienced it together
- all different ages
- ex: 911
12
Q
Baltes life span development approach
A
- dev. is lifelong
- multidimensional (3 domains)
- multidirectional (ups and downs)
- biological and cultural influence’s importance shift over lifetime
- use of resources shift over lifespan
- development is plastic, like silly puddy
- history and culture impact ones development
13
Q
theory
A
-set of logically related concepts or statements tht seek to describe and explain development and predict
14
Q
hypothesis
A
-explanaitions or predictions that can be tested buy further research
15
Q
mechanical model
A
- people are like machines that react to input
- research is quantitative
- develop in a continuous matter
16
Q
organismic model
A
- people are active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion
- research is qualitative
- development happens in stages
17
Q
perspective 1: psychoanalytic
A
- Freud: Psychosexual
- Erikson: Psychosocial
18
Q
Freuds Psychosexual theory
A
- we go through stages of psychosexual development
- need to satisfy first stage before moving on
- not testible
19
Q
Erikson Psychosocial theory
A
- development was lifelong w/ 8 stages
- each stage is marked by a crisis that needs to be resolved to progress
- development is highly influenced by surroundings
20
Q
perspecting 2: Learning
A
- pavlov: classical conditioning
- skinner: operant conditioning
- bandura: social learning theory
21
Q
Pavlov’s classical conditioning
A
- make associates between things
- dog with bell and thinking of food
22
Q
Skinner’s operant conditioning
A
-get rewards when you do something that you should do more often
23
Q
Bandura’s social learning theory
A
- interaction with word is bidirectional
- people learn by watching others and make choices based on others behavior
24
Q
Perspective 3: cognitive
A
- Piaget cognitive stage theory
- Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
- Information processing approach
25
Piaget cognitive stage theory
- children develop through 4 stages and they become more complex (schemes)
- assimilation and accomodation
26
assimilation
-taking in new information and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures
27
accomodation
-adjusting ones cognitive structures to fit new info
28
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
- focused on childrens cognitive growth from social interaction with others
- zone of proximal development: on verge of mastering something
- scaffolding: temporary support for child to achieve something new
29
information processing approach
-analyzes process involved in making sense of incoming info and preforming tasks effectively
30
perspective 4: contextual
- development is a product of the context in which is occurs
| - influences are bidirectional between developing child and surrounding environment
31
perspective 5: evolutionary/sociobiological
-based on Darwins "survival of the fittest" to explain developmental process
32
Scientific method
- ID problem
- develop hypothesis
- collect data
- analyze data
- form conclusion
- inform public
- refine conclusion as further studies reveal new info
33
quantitative data
- quantity
| - numbers
34
qualitative
- quality
| - experience
35
case study
-specific situations researched in detail
36
ethnographic study
-studying culture and their experiences
37
correlation study
-looking at connections & relationships
38
experiment
-manipulating one variable and seeing how another changes
39
cross sectional
-looking at similarities/differences in people of all ages at same time
40
longitudinal study
-tracks people over time and focuses on individual change w/ age
41
sequential study
-combines cross sectional and longitudinal
42
self reports
-diaries, interviews, questionnaires
43
naturalistic observation
-observe specimen in natural habitat
44
laboratory observation
-observing specimen in a controlled laboratory setting
45
ethical considerations for experiments
- informed consent
- avoidance of deception
- protect from harm & loss of dignity
- privacy and confidentiality
- right to decline and withdraw
- correction of negative effects
46
fertilization
-process by which gametes unite to form zygote
47
germinal stage
- fertilization to 2 weeks
- cells divide rapidly and begin to differentiate
- implantation into uterine wall begins
48
embryonic stage
- 2-8 weeks
- embryo develops at rapid pace
- major organs/systems in place by 8 wk
49
fetal stage
- 9 week to birth
- continued rapid growth
- all systems fully developed and functioning by birth
- typical characteristics of fetus: movement, pain, hiccups, hear, light/dark, temperature
50
dizygotic
- two egg twins (fraternal)
| - 2 eggs each fertilized by different sperm
51
monozygotic
- one egg twins
| - one egg turns into two, replicas of each other
52
semi-identicle
-two sperm and one egg
53
number of chromosomes?
23
54
meiosis
-splitting pairs of chromosomes
55
mitois
- full cell rapid reproduction
56
how is sex determined
- one pair of sex chromosomes
- inherit one X from mom always
- inherit and X or Y from mom or dad
* Y=male
* X=female
57
polygenetic inheritance
-more than one gene effects a trait
58
mutation
-occurs when a mistake happens in the code
59
multifactoral transmission
-environmental factors effect trait as well as genes
60
epigenesis
-genes are turned off and on as needed
61
incomplete dominance
-trait is not fully expressed
62
sex linked inheritance
-certain resessive disorders affect male and female differently
63
down syndrome
-extra 21 chromosome
64
canalization
-illustrates how heredity restricts the range of development for some traits like a canal
65
genotype environment interaction
-refers to effects of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals
66
genotype environment correlation
-genetic and environmental influences tend to act in the same direction
67
niche-picking
-tendency to seek out environments compatible with ones genotype
68
stages of childbirth
- parturition (pre labor): two weeks before labor, estrogen levels increase, braxton hix to soften cervix
- first stage: regular contractions, increase frequently, cervix thins and widens
- second stage: "pushing" stage, babe enters birth canal
- third stage: expulsion of placenta and UC (after birth)
69
normal baby measurements
- 20 in long
| - 7.5 lb at birth
70
fontanel
-soft spot on baby head
71
lanugo
-soft covering around skin
72
vernix caeseosa
-waxy, whitish covering on child
73
meconium
-black ad tar like baby poop before baby stats eating
74
APGAR
- appearance
- pulse
- grimace
- activity
- respiration
75
Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS)
-tests childs response to physical and social environment
76
proximodistal
-inner bod grows before extremities
77
cephalocaudal
-growth occurs from top down
78
primitive reflex
- instinctive
| - necessary for survival
79
postural
-reflex to change is position/balance
80
locomotor
- similar to voluntary movement
| - develop later in life
81
early senses
- touch is first sense
- smell and taste is well developed by birth
- hearing is functioning before birth
- sight is poor until 6 mo of age
82
Home observation for measurement of environment
- encourag exploration of enviroment
- montoring in basic skills
- celebrating developmental advances
- guidance in practicing and extending skills
- protection from inappropriate disaproval
- communicating richely and responsively
- guiding and limiting behavior
83
Bayley scale
-developmental test designed to assess children from 1 mo to 3.5 yrs
84
piaget sensorimotor stage
- children learn through senses and early motor skills and activity
- 6 substages: primary reflexes, series of circular reactions, and metal combinations
85
scheme
-organized patterns of though and behavior
86
representational ability
-using symbols to mentally represent and object, action, concept
87
invisible imitation
-cannot see yourself do it (face expresions)
88
visible
-can see yourself do it (wave)
89
defered imitation
-dont imitate action right away but do it later
90
elicited imitation
-do behavior at later time w/ instruction
91
object permanence
-knowing object still exists even when out of sight
92
"A not B" error
-when baby looks for hidden object where they first found it, not when they saw it moved after
93
key developments of sensorimotor stages
- imitation
- object permanence
- symbolic development
- categorization
- causality
- number
94
habituation
-continous exposure reduces attention
95
dishabituation
-presenting new sight to restore attention
96
visual preference
-spend more time looking at one thing than another
97
implicit memory
-behaviors that require little effort
98
explicit memory
-requires deliberate recollection of information
99
working memory
-short term location for info being processed
100
language development
- crying
- pre linguistic speech: gooing, babbling
- recognition of native phonemes
- gestures (hi, bye)
- holophrase: one word sentence
- telegraphic: words grouped together
101
Skinner on language
-learned through observation and limitation and selective reinforcement
102
chomsky on language
- too complex for trial and error learning
| - children are active learners that have a language acquisition device
103
primary emotions
-joy, surprise, sad, disgust, anger, fear
104
self conscious emotion
- embarrasment
- empathy
- envy
105
self evaluative emotion
- pride
- quilt
- shame
106
altruism
-demonstrating concern for another regardless of reciprocity
107
3 temperaments
- easy
- difficult
- slow to warm up
108
characteristics of quality childcare
- small increase in externalizing behaviors
- low child-staff ratio
- small group sizes
- trained caregivers
109
developmental psychology def
- study of the systematic processes of change and stability in people
- involves 3 domains: physical, cognitive, psychomotor
