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TMC: World History > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Howard Carter do?

A

discovered the first steps of King Tut’s tomb

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2
Q

Where is Howard Carter from?

A

British archaeologist

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3
Q

How long did it take Howard Carter and his crew to complete the excavation of King Tut’s tomb?

A

10 years

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4
Q

What is monotheism? To what is it opposed to?

A

belief in a single God, or a religion affirming that belief, as opposed to polytheism (belief in many deities)

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5
Q

What did Zoroastrianism become to a certain state?

A

the de-facto state religion of Persia (Iran)

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6
Q

How does Zoroastrianism view the world?

A

as being divided between the spirits of good and evil (dualistic)

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7
Q

Zoroastrians worship a supreme deity which is the spirit of good. What is the name of this deity?

A

Ahura Mazda

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8
Q

The supreme deity of Zoroastrianism is forever in conflict with the spirit of evil. What is this spirit’s name?

A

Ahriman

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9
Q

Why was it hard for scholars to fix dates prior to the birth of Christ?

A

there was no uniform reference point

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10
Q

Because it was hard for scholars to fix dates prior to the birth of Christ, how did they accomplish dating instead?

A

using a system called Regnal Dating

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11
Q

What is the system of Regnal Dating based off?

A

based off the reign of kings

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12
Q

What does “Mesopotamia” literally mean?

A

land between the rivers

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13
Q

Between which two rivers was Mesopotamia located?

A

Tigris and Euphrates

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14
Q

Where in modern-day context is Mesopotamia located?

A

Iran & Syria

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15
Q

In the broad sense, what does “Mesopotamia” encompass?

A

the entire region around the rivers

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16
Q

What areas does the Fertile Crescent include?

A

Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Palestine

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17
Q

In modern-day context, what areas does the Fertile Crescent include?

A

Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel

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18
Q

What areas does Babylonia refer to?

A

the area of Akkad, the city of Babylon, the area of Sumer

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19
Q

What areas does Near East refer to?

A

Mesopotamia, Palestine, Egypt

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20
Q

What areas does Far East refer to?

A

India, China

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21
Q

Whom are the Semites descendants of?

A

Shem, the first son of Noah

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22
Q

Semites refer to a member of any group of people of what region?

A

Southwest Asia

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23
Q

Whom are the Semites now chiefly represented by?

A

Jews, Arabs

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24
Q

What is another name by which Mesopotamia was called?

A

The Cradle of Civilization

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25
Q

Which civilization (not nomadic, more than tiny villages) is generally regarded as the first one?

A

Sumer

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26
Q

What is the definition of a civilization?

A

a culture that has attained a high degree of complexity, characterized by urban life

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27
Q

What are four factors/aspects of a civilization?

A
  1. cities and organized government
  2. specialization of labor
  3. monumental architecture and religious structures
  4. writing system and advanced technology
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28
Q

What is a dark side which these first civilizations have?

A

epidemic disease thrived in urban centers

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29
Q

What fascinated the people who created the first civilizations?

A

warfare

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30
Q

How did the first civilizations show their fascination for warfare?

A

warrior-kings boasted of conquests, military heroes held in high esteem

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31
Q

What was a home in early Mesopotamian life like?

A

a swampy flood plain, that allowed for productive fruit and grain agriculture

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32
Q

What was a home in early Mesopotamian life subject to?

A

irregular flooding

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33
Q

What did irrigation create in early Mesopotamian life?

A

careers beyond farming; thus trade and manufacturing

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34
Q

What is Mesopotamia marked by? Why? Why why?

A

a succession of conquests; the Tigris/Euphrates area was open to invasion and saw constant warfare: each city wanted to enlarge its land and guarantee access to water and irrigation

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35
Q

Describe the city-state in early Mesopotamian life.

A

urban region and agricultural land under city control (Ur a leader)

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36
Q

How many cities roughly dotted the region of the city-state?

A

12

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37
Q

About how many people lived in the city-state?

A

30K

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38
Q

Describe the imperial state in early Mesopotamian life.

A

more extensive, politically centralize, poly-ethnic

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39
Q

What was the imperial state supported by?

A

a formal military organization (Akkadians)

40
Q

What was the writing system of early Mesopotamian life called?

A

Cuneiform

41
Q

What did cuneiform consist of?

A

wedge marks on clay

42
Q

About how many “characters” did cuneiform create?

A

300

43
Q

Cuneiform was complex and usually practiced by what group of people?

A

specially trained scribes

44
Q

Slavery was widespread in early Mesopotamian life. What was the percentage of enslaved?

A

40-50%

45
Q

What two reasons account for the widespread slavery in early Mesopotamian life?

A
  1. people were taken captive during conquests

2. slavery served as a means to pay off debt

46
Q

What was religion like in early Mesopotamian life? Afterlife?

A

polytheistic; concerned with life “now”; afterlife was uncertain and gloomy

47
Q

What are three characteristics of religion in early Mesopotamian life?

A
  1. saw gods and demons everywhere
  2. hoped that appeasing gods would bring security and prosperity to their cities
  3. temple/priests were vital; ziggurats
48
Q

What are ziggurats?

A

stepped pyramids with temples at their summit

49
Q

What is a notable city on the Euphrates? To what was its name given to? Who founded it?

A

Akkad; an ancient northern Semitic kingdom traditionally founded by Sargon I (Sargon the Great)

50
Q

What did Sargon I build?

A

the world’s first substantial empire

51
Q

From where to where did Sargon I’s empire stretched?

A

from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean

52
Q

What city was prominent under Hammurabi’s rule? Why?

A

Babylon; made it the capital of Babylonia (area)

53
Q

Where does Babylon lay?

A

on the Euphrates, about 55 miles south of modern Baghdad

54
Q

For what is Hammurabi best known for?

A

his law code

55
Q

What are two characteristics of Hammurabi’s law code?

A
  1. one of the most complete to survive from the ancient world
  2. class distinctions: penalties varied with status
56
Q

How did the Nile rise and fall?

A

with precision

57
Q

What is black silt?

A

surrounding soil was renewed by black silt left behind (a layer of fertile earth), when the Nile rises and falls

58
Q

What did the Egyptians build at the Nile? What was its purpose?

A

an elaborate network of canals (some for irrigation; others for transportation)

59
Q

What mentioned thing was a reliable resource which the Nile provided?

A

transportation (going south: wind; going north: current, which flows into Mediterranean Sea)

60
Q

Egyptians had one of the most __________ civilizations in history.

A

long-lasting

61
Q

How many years did the civilization of Egypt last? How many ruling dynasties?

A

about 3000 years; 30

62
Q

Egypt was possibly the first “national” government. How did they function?

A

more like a unit than a city-state

63
Q

What is Egypt’s location surrounded by? What did this provide?

A

deserts (Arabian, Libyan, Sahara) and water; protection

64
Q

What was the Pharaoh believed to be?

A

both man and god

65
Q

Who was the Pharaoh?

A

absolute ruler of the land, a benevolent protector

66
Q

What was a pyramid?

A

a burial chamber for the pharaohs

67
Q

About how many pyramids survive?

A

80

68
Q

What was originally the tallest made-made building until the Eiffel Tower?

A

Great Pyramid at Giza

69
Q

How many people worked on the Great Pyramid at Giza for how many days a year?

A

about 84K people working 80 days a year

70
Q

How long did it take for the Great Pyramid at Giza to be built?

A

about 20 years

71
Q

How tall was the Great Pyramid at Giza?

A

480 feet tall

72
Q

What was a mummy?

A

a human being (or animal) embalmed or treated for burial

73
Q

Why did the Egyptians mummify people?

A

they wanted to live forever; to achieve this, they believed the person’s body had to be preserved

74
Q

Who was mummified?

A

at first Pharaohs, then anyone who could afford it, also animals: cats, etc.

75
Q

What are Egyptian picture-writing called? In detail what are they?

A

Hieroglyphs; symbols could have various meaning (could be a word or a sound)

76
Q

How many hieroglyphs did the alphabet contain?

A

24

77
Q

What calendar did the Egyptians devise? How did they do on calculations?

A

the first solar calendar; calculated a leap year, observed that the average period between floods was 365 days (used stars also)

78
Q

What are two characteristics of the Old Kingdom Period of Egyptian History?

A
  1. age of pyramids reaches zenith at Giza

2. economy and culture flourished

79
Q

How did the Old Kingdom Period end?

A

the enormous expenditure on pyramids led to its decline; financially destroyed by over-building (and upkeep); crop failure and increased taxes

80
Q

In what period did the central authority of Egypt weaken?

A

2nd Intermediate Period

81
Q

During the 2nd Intermediate Period, who ruled the north and who ruled the south?

A

Hyksos - north

Thebans - south

82
Q

Who were the Hyksos? How could they have started?

A

name literally means in Egyptian “rulers of foreign lands”; invaders from Syria (or Palestine); they could have started as an economic force and thus “conquered”

83
Q

Hyksos power lasted until what happened?

A

overthrown in national uprising

84
Q

What started the New Kingdom Period?

A

Hyksos driven out and Egypt reunited

85
Q

What is the New Kingdom Period known to be?

A

the greatest period of Egypt’s history; an “age of empire” as warrior kings conquered parts of Syria, Palestine

86
Q

Who was the 1st female Pharaoh?

A

Hatshepsut

87
Q

Whom did Hatshepsut marry and rule alongside with?

A

her half-brother Thutmose II

88
Q

What happened after Thutmose II’s death?

A

Thutmose III assumed the throne but was a child; Hatshepsut replaced him as effective ruler and reigned till her death.

89
Q

Who was the Pharaoh during the 1446 Exodus of the Hebrews?

A

Amenhotep II

90
Q

Who attempted a type of monotheistic reform in Egpyt?

A

Akhenaton aka Amenhotep IV

91
Q

What kind of religion did Akhenaton try to implement?

A

worship of the sun god Aton; essentially henotheism: the worship of one god without denying the existence of others

92
Q

Whom did Akhenaton marry?

A

Nefertiti

93
Q

Who succeeded Akhenaton?

A

“son” Tutankhamun (by “secondary wife”)

94
Q

For most of King Tut’s reign, where did his power lay?

A

with a general and elderly official

95
Q

King Tut would just be a footnote to history, but what happened?

A

his tomb escaped looting and was found largely intact; world tours followed

TMC: World History (1 decks)

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