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Psychology 2000 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of Psychology?

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

What is classified as behavior?

A

any action

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3
Q

What is classified as mental processes?

A

perceptions, thoughts, feelings

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4
Q

What is latent construct?

A

not directly observed

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5
Q

What are the 4 goals of Psychology?

A

Describe, Explain, Predict, Control (sometimes)

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6
Q

What are the two psychologists that were involved in Pre-Psychology or Ancient Psychology?

A

Aristotle and Plato

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7
Q

What did Aristotle main belief?

A

Tabula Rasa and that who people become is based on their experience

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8
Q

What does Tabula Rasa mean?

A

clean slate which experience writes upon

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9
Q

What did Plato believe?

A

the mind pre-exists and to some degree who we are is pre-determined

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10
Q

What is the modern term to describe Plato’s belief?

A

Nature vs. Nuture

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11
Q

Who was the psychologists who were involved in Pre-Psychology or Modern Philosophy?

A

Rene Descartes

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12
Q

What type of Psychologist was Rene Descartes?

A

Rationalist

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13
Q

What is cartesian dualism?

A

physical vs mental; the mind is fundamentally different than the body

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14
Q

What did Rene Descartes believe?

A

you cant trust what you see and the only thing you can trust is logic and mathematics

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15
Q

What do empiricists believe?

A

that you can only trust observation

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16
Q

Who were the famous empiricists?

A

Locke, David Hume, and Bishop Berkley

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17
Q

Who is David Hume?

A

he wrote an anonymous letter to the editor of the magazine raving about someone named “David Hume”

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18
Q

What is the quote describing David Hume’s beliefs?

A

Just because the sun rose for the last 1,000 days does not mean that it will rise tomorrow

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19
Q

What did Bishop Berkley believe?

A

reality is only made of thought

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20
Q

What is Psychophysics?

A

measuring the processes in the brain

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21
Q

Who were three Psychophysics?

A

Weber, Fechner, Ebbinghaus

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22
Q

What did Weber study?

A

how we percieve perception

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23
Q

What Law did Weber come up with?

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

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24
Q

What is JND?

A

we can’t tell the difference until it reaches 5% difference

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25
Q

What did Fechner study?

A

stimulus intensity

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26
Q

What are the four schools of Psychology?

A

Structuralism (Mentalism), Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology

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27
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

Father of Modern Psychology

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28
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt discover?

A

the first psychology lab a little before 1879 in Germany

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29
Q

Who was E.B. Titchner?

A

brought psychology to the U.S. and started the first psychology lab

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30
Q

Who trained the first woman Psychologists?

A

E.B. Titchner

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31
Q

Who started the school of Functionalism?

A

Wiliam James

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32
Q

What book did William James write?

A

“The Principles of Psychology”

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33
Q

What are three things to know about “The Principles of Psychology”?

A

1st book of psychology, stream of consciousness, and based on perception, thinking, Greek, religious experiences

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34
Q

Who discovered primary and secondary memory?

A

William James

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35
Q

What is a piece of equipment used to measure mental processes?

A

chronoscope

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36
Q

Who started Behaviorism?

A

John B. Watson

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37
Q

What school believed that you can only study public observable behaviors?

A

Behavorism

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38
Q

What did Watson believe?

A

that the only thing that is relevant is the environment

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39
Q

Who is B.F. Skiner?

A

most famous in Behavorism

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40
Q

What two books did B.F. Skiner write?

A

Walden II and Beyond Freedom and Dignity

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41
Q

What was the purpose of the Skiner baby Box?

A

to be able to observe the baby in a controlled environment

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42
Q

What school studied the mind and mental processes beyond behavior?

A

Gestalt Psychology

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43
Q

What is the quote said by Gestalt Psychologists?

A

that the whole was different than the sum of its parts

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44
Q

What is the Muller Illusion?

A

the >—-

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45
Q

Who started The Cognitive Revolution? (4)

A

Noam Chomsky, George Miller, Herbert Simon and Allen Newell

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46
Q

What theory did Noam Chomsky disprove?

A

that language and grammar can be improved and developed by just stimulus

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47
Q

What book did Noam Chomsky write?

A

In Defense of Freedom and Dignity

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48
Q

Who were early pioneers of computer science?

A

Herbert Simon and Allen Newell

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49
Q

What were the three points of overnight thinking in The Cognitive Revolution?

A

Chomsky, WWII, and Computer Science

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50
Q

A system for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data

A

Scientific Method

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51
Q

How is the Scientific Method used in Psychology?

A

to accomplish the goals of description, explanation, prediction, and control

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52
Q

Who developed Confirmation Bias?

A

Watson and Crick

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53
Q

When you have hypothesis and you seek out information to confirm this hypothesis; tendency, to notice, seek out and interpret information in a way consistent with your own prior beliefs

A

Confirmation Bias

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54
Q

What are the 5 steps of the Scientific Method?

A
  1. Perceive the question - Description
  2. Forming a Hypothesis - Description and Explanation
  3. Testing the Hypothesis - Explanation
  4. Drawing a Conclusion
  5. Reporting Resuslts
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55
Q

What can show relationship NOT causation

A

Descriptive Methods

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56
Q

Watching subjects in their natural environments

A

Naturalistic Observation

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57
Q

Disadvantage of Naturalistic Observation

A

lack of control

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58
Q

Advantage of Naturalistic Observation

A

realistic picture of behavior

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59
Q

Watching animals or people in an artificial but controlled situation such as a lab

A

Laboratory Observation

60
Q

Advantages of Laboratory Observation

A

control over environment and specialized equipment

61
Q

Disadvantages of Laboratory Observation

A

artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior and it can be difficult to generalize findings to “real-world” situations

62
Q

Study of one individual in great detail

A

Case Study

63
Q

Advantages of Case Study

A

May be the only way to study some phenomena and tremendous amount of detail

64
Q

Disadvantages of Case Study

A

findings may not generalize to others

65
Q

Phineas Gage Case Study

A

Rod went through his head and functioned almost normal he just had a different personality

66
Q

H.M. Case Study

A

suffered from caesuras, went into brain surgery, and after that he couldn’t form new memories

67
Q

S.M. Case Study

A

had a genetic disorder in her amygdala and couldn’t feel fear

68
Q

Asking standardized question to a large group of people

A

Survey

69
Q

Advantages of Survey

A

data from large numbers of people and able to study covert behaviors

70
Q

Disadvantages of Survey

A

people are not always accurate, small variations in wording used or order of questions can effect outcomes, and researchers have to ensure representative sample if interested in generealizing

71
Q

A measure of the relationship between two variables

A

Correlations

72
Q

Anything that can change or vary

A

variable

73
Q

What does “r” represent?

A

the direction (sign) and the strength (number)

74
Q

What is the range of a correlation?

A

-1 to +1

75
Q

A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior results, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships

A

Experiment

76
Q

The variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter

A

Independent variable

77
Q

The variable in an experiment that is represented by the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment

A

Dependent variable

78
Q

Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable

A

Experimental Group

79
Q

Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment

A

Control Group

80
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by random minimizes pre-existing differences between two groups

A

Random Assignment

81
Q

Transmits information to and from the Central Nervous System

A

Peripheral Nervous System

82
Q

What is it called when the senses go from the senses to the spinal cord?

A

Afferent/Sensory

83
Q

What connects afferent to efferent?

A

Interneurons

84
Q

What goes from the spinal cord to the muscles?

A

Efferent/Motor

85
Q

Top of Brain

A

Dorsal

86
Q

Bottom of Brain

A

Ventral

87
Q

Front of Brain

A

Rostal

88
Q

Back of brain

A

Caudal

89
Q

Areas close to the center of split

A

Medial

90
Q

Areas closer to the outer part

A

Lateral

91
Q

Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebellum hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

92
Q

Back bottom lobe

A

Occipital Lobe

93
Q

Front halg lobe

A

Frontal Lobe

94
Q

Bottom middle lobe

A

Temporal Lobe

95
Q

Top middle lobe

A

Parietal Lobe

96
Q

Outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons; responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input

A

Cortex

97
Q

wrinkling of the cortex

A

Corticalization

98
Q

Responsible for higher mental processes and decision making and contains the motor complex

A

Frontal Lobe

99
Q

Contains the somatosensory cortex

A

Parietal Lobe

100
Q

Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobe; responsible for processing information from skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position

A

Somatosensory Cortex

101
Q

Contains primary auditory cortex and auditory association cortex

A

Temporal Lobe

102
Q

Processes auditory information from the ears

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

103
Q

Interprets or makes sense of auditory information

A

Auditory Association Cortex

104
Q

Contains primary visual cortex and visual association cortex

A

Occipital Lobe

105
Q

Processes visual information from the eyes

A

Primary Visual Cortex

106
Q

Interprets or makes sense of visual information

A

Visual Association Cortex

107
Q

Areas within different lobes that integrate different types of information

A

Association Cortices

108
Q

Where frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe meet

A

Broca

109
Q

towards the mid-back

A

Wernicke

110
Q

The segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain; integrates sensory processes, such as vision and hearing

A

Midbrain

111
Q

What is the analogy for the Limbic System?

A

H-homeostasis
O-olfaction
M-memory
E-emotion

112
Q

A round structure in the center of the brain that acts as the brain’s sensory switchboard, relaying incoming sensory information to the appropriate sensory areas in the cortex (except smell)

A

Thalamus

113
Q

Helps direct several maintenance activities like thirst, hunger, body temperature, sleeping and waking, sexual behavior, and emotions and controls pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

114
Q

plays vital role in learning and memory

A

Hippocampus

115
Q

two almond-shaped neutral clusters linked to emotion, especially fear

A

Amygldala

116
Q

controls heartbeat, breathing, swallowing

A

Medulla

117
Q

messages between the cerebellum and cortex; sleep, dreaming

A

Pons

118
Q

arousal, attention, alertness

A

Reticular Formation

119
Q

rapid and controlled movement

A

Cerebellum

120
Q

sense organs detect energy and convert it into neural signals

A

Sensation

121
Q

selection, organization, and interpretations of sensations; conscious experience of our sensations

A

Perception

122
Q

data driven perception

A

Bottom-Up

123
Q

conceptually driven expectations

A

Top-Down

124
Q

Result from stimuli in the sensory field used to gather information about a target stimuli

A

Context Effects

125
Q

Who made Captcha?

A

Lewis Van Ahn

126
Q

Tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant even when its shaped changes on the retina

A

Shape Constancy

127
Q

Tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change

A

Brightness Constancy

128
Q

the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size regardless of its distance

A

Size Constancy

129
Q

the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background is known as

A

Figure Foreground

130
Q

tendency to perceive objects that are closer together as part of the same grouping

A

Proximity

131
Q

tendency to perceive things that similar to each as being part of the sam group

A

Similarity

132
Q

tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

A

Closer

133
Q

tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continous pattern

A

Continuity

134
Q

tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

A

Contiguity

135
Q

one explanation of the Müller-Iyer Illusion

A

Depth Perception

136
Q

What happens when it gets dark?

A

the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) triggers secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland making us sleepy

137
Q

What controls sleep regulation?

A

Serotonin

138
Q

How does body temperature effect how sleepy we are?

A

the higher the body temp the more alert we are; the lower the body temp the sleepier we are

139
Q

As what builds up it makes us more sleepy?

A

Adenosine

140
Q

How does caffeine work?

A

caffeine is adenosine antagonist

141
Q

Sleep is a product of evolution

A

Adaptive theory of sleep

142
Q

sleep is necessary for physical health

A

Restorative theory of sleep

143
Q

Active sleep, dream during this stage, voluntary muscles are paralyzed

A

REM (rapid eye movement)

144
Q

restful sleep and voluntary muscles are not paralyzed

A

Non-REM

145
Q

Four Stages of Sleep

A

N1: Light Sleep
N2: Sleep Spindles
N3: Deep Sleep
REM Sleep

146
Q

Four Elements of Hypnosis

A
  1. Person to focus on what is being said
  2. Person told to relax and feel tired
  3. Person told to accept suggestions
  4. Person told to use vivid imagination
147
Q

Percentage of Hypnosis

A

80% have some response

40% “good” subjects

Psychology 2000 (2 decks)

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