Exam 1 Flashcards
The term speech sound disorder
Speech sound disorder is an umbrella term for Phonological and Articulation disorder.
Articulation Disorder
- Purely physical – just can’t produce the sound.
- Distortion resulting in nonstandard speech sounds.
- Only a few sounds affected
- No patterns
- Child fairly intelligible
Phonological Disorder
Phonology – a system of rules underlying sound production and sound combination it is covert, it refers to a prior known level of knowledge.
- Multiple sound errors.
- Highly unintelligible.
- Pattern of errors
- Due to and underlying problem with phonological knowledge
Importance of Intelligibility
Caseloads – many children with speech sound disorders (SSDs). 91% of school based clinicians serve children with SSDs–ASHA
Even mild disorders can have an impact on intelligibilty
Studies have shown that adults with mild lisps are judged as less intelligible.
Often
Speech Sound Disorders and Language Disorders coexist.
New Research Article October 2014
Macrae, T., & Tyler, A.A. (2014). Looking at speech abilities in preschool with children who have speech sounds disorders with and without co-occuring language impairment. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools
What did the Macrae & Tyler 2014 study do?
They compared preschool children with co-occurring SSD and language impairment (LI) to children with SSD only.
Looked at numbers and types of errors in both groups.
Macrae and Tyler 2014 found
Children with SSD and LI had more omissions of sounds than chldren with just SSD.
SLPs need to be more concerned about children
Phonetics
Study of physical, physiological, and acoustic variables associated with speech sound production.
Clinical/Applied Phonetics
Branch dedicated to practical application of knowledge.
Phoneme
Family of sounds that the listener perceives as belonging to the same category.
Allophone
Not a distinct phoneme; allophone is a member of a particular phoneme family.
Morphemes
Minimal use of meaning.
- Free morphemes: whole word that cannot be linguistically broken down into smaller units.
- Bound morphemes: suffix or prefix that attaches to a word to alter its meaning.
Minimal pairs
Morphemes that are similar except for one phoneme.
Morphophonemics
Morphophonemic rules specify how sounds are combined to form morphemes.
Morphophonemics: sound alterations that result from the modification of free morphemes.
Example of morphophonemic rules
- If a noun ends in a voiced sound, use plural allomorph /z/ (tails, bags, pins).
- If a noun ends in a voiceless sound, use plural allomorph /s/ (tarts, cops, lakes).
- If a word ends in a voiceless sound, the past tense is pronounced /t/ (cooked); if a word ends in a voiced sound the past tense is pronounced /d/ (buzzed).
Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech
Juncture
Rate of Speech
MOOSE
Pitch
Intonation
Stress
Juncture
Brief pauses that make grammatical or semantic distinctions.
“Get the money bag!”
“Get the money, bag.”
Juncture and pauses help signal new or important information. Those pauses help us as listeners know when this new information is about to occur.
Rate of Speech
- How fast someone talks
- In rapid speech, there is a decrease in vowel duration
- Usually, the faster the rate, the less intelligible a person is.
- Very important to address in text.
MOOSE
Move your lips
Open your mouth
Over exaggerate
Slow down
Enunciate every sound
Pitch
Is determined by the frequency at which the vocal fold vibrates.
Pitch contours are the melody of a phrase and intonation refers to the changes in these pitch contours.
Intonation
Intonation is affected by several things such as the tongue position in producing vowels, the speakers emotional state, and cultural variables.
Stress
A device that gives prominence to certain syllables (or words) with in a sequence of syllables (or words).
Consonants
We produce these by some narrowing or closing of the vocal tract - complete or partial closure (p vs ʃ )
Prevocalic: before the vowel - banana
Intervocalic: in between the vowel - banana
Postvocalic: After a vowel - bananas
Initial-medial-final (reindeer)
Clusters
Syllabics - form the nucleus of a syllable
/l,m,n/ (e.g. chasm, bottle); special diacritic
Vowels
Produced with an open vocal tract
Pure vowels (/ɑ/, /i/, /ɪ/)
Diphthongs (/oʊ/, /aɪ/, /aʊ/)
Phonemic diphthongs: if you reduce them to pure vowels, the meaning changes (/aɪ/, /ɔɪ/) (Pipe►Pop) (Boil►Bowl)
Nonphonemic diphthongs: if you reduce them to pure vowels, the meaning doesn’t change (/eɪ/, /oʊ/)
Consonant Production
A. Distinctive Features
- Is a feature absent or present?
- /b/ = -vocalic, +anterior, -nasal, -strident, +voice
B. Place-Voice-Manner
- Voicing- voiced or voiceless
- Place- where sound is produced
- Manner- how sound is produced
Bilabials (Place)
Bilabials /p, b, m, w/
Trick for remembering Bilabials:
“Please be more welcoming”
Labiodentals (Place)
Labiodentals /f,v/
Trick for remembering labiodentals:
“For Valentine”
Linguadentals (place)
Linguadentals /θ, ð/
Trick for remembering Linguadentals:
“This Thursday”
Lingua-alveolars (place)
Lingua-alveolars /t, d, s, z, l, n/
Trick for remembering Lingua-alveolars:
“Tommy doesn’t sing zestful like Natalie”
Linguapalatals (place)
Linguapalatals /ʃ, ʒ, d͡ʒ, t͡ʃ, r, j/
Trick for remembering Linguapalatals:
“She measured Jonathan’s child really young”
Velars (Place)
Velars /k, g, ŋ/
Trick for remembering Velars:
“Kobe’s going”
Glottals (Place)
Glottals /h, ʔ/
Trick for remembering Glottals:
“Huge Mountain”
Stops (Manner)
Stops /p, b, t, d, k, g, ʔ/
Trick for remembering stops:
“Poor broke teens dont kiss girls outside”
Nasals (manner)
Nasals /m, n, ŋ/
Glides (manner)
Glides /w, j/
Liquids (manner)
Liquids /r, l/
Remember “liquid river”
Fricatives (Manner)
Fricatives /s, z, f, v, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ/
Trick for remembering fricatives:
“Sally’s zit feels very thick that she measures them”
Affricates (Manner)
Affricates /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
Diacritical markers
Used in narrow transcription to identify variations and actual production.
syllabic consonant [̩]
partially devoiced [̥]
aspirated [ʰ]
unaspirated [=]
dentalized [̪]
lateralized [̯]
nasalized [̃]
nasal emission [like nasalized but two dots on inside of S]
Phonological processes/patterns (Phonological patterns is preferred)
Patterns used by typically developing children to simplify the adult model.
Example:
- Patterns that should disappear by 3 include weak syllable deletion and final consonant deletion.
- Patterns that persist beyond age 3 include cluster reduction and gliding.
Substitution Patterns
One class of sounds is substituted for another class of sounds.
- Stopping
- Deaffrication
- Velar fronting
- Depalatization
- Backing
- Liquid Gliding
- Vocalization
Stopping
Stop substituted for fricative
Ex:
tu/ʃu or keɪb/keɪv
Deaffrication
Affricate is replaced by a stop or fricative
Ex:
dʌmp/d͡ʒʌmp
or
tɪp/ t͡ʃɪp
Velar Fronting
Anterior sounds replace /k, g, ŋ/ ; usually alveolar stop
Ex:
t/k or d/g
most common word- initial position
Depalatization
Substitution of alveolar fricative for palatal fricative
Ex:
dz/d͡ʒ
ts/t͡ʃ
dzar/d͡ʒar
kaʊts/ kaʊt͡ʃ
Backing
Rare in typically-developing children; present in children with severe phonological disorders. Posterior sounds replace anterior sounds.
Typically k/t and g/d
Ex:
kɔɪ/ tɔɪ
gɪʃ/ dɪʃ
