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med lab > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

yellow foam in urine

A

bilirubin present

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2
Q

urinalysis done within

A

1 hour (30 min is ideal)

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3
Q

urine changes at room temp

A

increase: ph, bacteria, turbidity
decrease: glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen

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4
Q

glucose false positive

A

strong oxidizing agents (bleach), peroxides

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5
Q

glucose false negative

A

ascorbic acid (reducing agent), high ketone levels, improperly stored urine (bc glycolysis)

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6
Q

white foam in urine

A

protein present

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7
Q

what bilirubin is found in urine?

A

CONJUGATED only

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8
Q

false negative for ketones

A

improper storage (volatilization, bacterial breakdown)

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9
Q

specific gravity range

A

1.002-1.035

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10
Q

urine contaminated with ascorbic acid results

A 
false NEGATIVES for:
glucose
bilirubin
blood
nitrite

also interferes with clinitest & causes false positive reactions

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11
Q

what will cause urinalysis false negatives for glucose, nitrites, bilirubin, and blood?

A

ascorbic acid contamination (will also cause clinitest false positive)

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12
Q

urine contaminated with bleach

A

false positive: glucose, blood

false negative: leukocyte

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13
Q

acidic PH urine

A

acidosis, high protein diet, starvation, dehydration, diarrhea

1st morning void

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14
Q

alkaline urine

A

alkalosis, UTI, vegetarian diet, vomiting, chronic renal failure

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15
Q

squamous epithelial cells

A
  • most common type of epithelial cell found in urine
  • originates in superficial lining of urethra & vagina
  • increased numbers may indicate poor collection technique
  • low power objective
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16
Q

transitional epithelial cells

A
  • originates in lining of renal pelvis, ureters, BLADDER, upper urethra
  • increased numbers –> UTI
  • high power objective
  • abundant cytoplasm (nucleus to cytoplasm ratio ~1.5)
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17
Q

renal tubular epithelial cells

A
  • originate in lining of renal tubules
  • increased numbers –> tubular necrosis
  • round & slightly larger than WBC
18
Q

oval fat bodies

A
  • RTE w/ absorbed fat
  • maltese cross
  • indicate pathology
19
Q

casts

A
  • only formed in kidney tubules
  • enumerate using lpf
  • identify using hpf
  • waxy oldest
20
Q

Clinically significant crystals are found where?

A

acid urine

21
Q

normal acid pH crystals

A

amorphous urates, uric acid, calcium oxalate

22
Q

normal alkaline pH crystals

A

amorphous phosphates, triple phosphate, ammonium biurate (“thorny apple” that indicates old urine)

23
Q

acute glomerulonephritis

A

decreased urine volume, proteinuria, hematuria, RBC & RBC casts

24
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

severe proteinuria, lipiduria, fatty & waxy casts, oval fat body cells

25
Q

diabetes mellitus nephropathy

A

proteinuria, glucose, yeast, ketones

26
Q

renal glycosuria

A

renal threshold not exceeded; altered tubular fxn

27
Q

lower UTI causative agent

A

~85% gram negative rods (fecal E. Coli)

28
Q

lower UTI– where?

A 
bladder = cystitis
urethra = urethritis
29
Q

upper UTI – where?

A

acute pyelonephritis

30
Q

lower UTI findings

A

chemical: protein, leukocyte esterase, nitrite, blood
microscopic: WBC, bacteria, RBC, transitional epithelial cells (cystitis)
NO CASTS BC THEY’RE ONLY FORMED IN KIDNEY TUBULES.

31
Q

acute pyelonephritis findings

A

minimum proteinuria, nitrite, leukocytes and leukocyte casts, WBC in clumps, RTE cells, granular casts

32
Q

ethylene glycol poisoning

A
  • antifreeze
  • causes tubular necrosis
  • see 2 forms of same crystal in acidic urine (oval form along with the ‘envelope’ form of calcium oxalate crystals)
33
Q

gives urine a fruity odor

A

ketones

34
Q

urinalysis: positive bilirubin and decreased urobilinogen

A

biliary obstruction

35
Q

invalid results due to storing at room temp uncapped

A

ketones, bilirubin,

36
Q

which cast is characteristically associated with acute pyelonephritis?

A

white cell casts

37
Q

which cast is most characteristic of glomerular basement membrane damage?

A

red cell casts

38
Q

normal hyaline casts

A

0-2 hyaline casts/lpf

39
Q

what conditions enhance cast formation?

A

acid pH & urinary stasis

40
Q

UTI urinalysis findings

A

Bacteria, WBCs, positive nitrite, RBC

41
Q

3 things that can cause amber urine

A
  1. presence of bilirubin
  2. concentrated normal urine
  3. drugs
42
Q

diabetes urinalysis findings

A

increased glucose & ketones

med lab (1 decks)

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