EXAM 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of Personality
A
the dynamic and organized set of characteristics of a person that explains or influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in different situations
2
Q
Definition of Theory
A
conceptual system that helps make sense out of existing information and aids in the prediction of relationships between events
3
Q
Definition of Hypothesis
A
tentative theoretical statements about how events are related to one another, often stated as predictions
4
Q
Two different types of theories
A
inductive and deductive
5
Q
Inductive theories
A
created from solid databases with empirical observations
6
Q
Deductive theories
A
can be precisely stated and tested, and hypotheses are created as tentative answers to problems
7
Q
Independent variables
A
variables actively manipulated
8
Q
Dependent variables
A
changes in behavior that occur as a result of the manipulation of conditions by an experimenter
9
Q
Experimental group
A
the group of study participants who experience the alteration of factors in an experiment
10
Q
Control group
A
group that does not receive the experimental
treatment; provides baseline data
11
Q
What is the type of research that allows you to infer cause/effect relationships?
A
Experimental method
12
Q
Criteria for Evaluating Scientific Theories (6)
A
Comprehensiveness, Precision and testability, Parsimony, Empirical validity, Heuristic value, Applied value
13
Q
Comprehensiveness
A
a theory is better when it can explain more
14
Q
Precision and Testability
A
clearly and explicitly stated and measured
15
Q
Parsimony
A
simplistic and straight forward path to the answer
16
Q
Empirical Validity
A
theory is supported with data
17
Q
Heuristic Value
A
should be challenging and should stimulate new ideas/research
18
Q
Applied Value
A
should be capable of providing creative solutions to problems that are of interest and concern to people in society
19
Q
Principle Id operates on
A
operates on the pleasure principle
20
Q
Principle Ego operates on
A
operates on the reality principle- what’s realistic?
21
Q
Primary defense mechanisms
A
repression suppression denial displacement sublimation regression projection reaction formation rationalization intellectualization undoing compromise formation
22
Q
Repression
A
not aware, and pushes it down to the unconscious to keep from causing pain
23
Q
Suppression
A
active and conscious attempt to stop anxiety provoking thoughts
24
Q
Denial
A
a person’s refusal to perceive an unpleasant event in external reality
25
Displacement
unconscious attempt to obtain gratification
26
Sublimation
channel into a socially acceptable goal
27
Regression
person reverts to infantile behavior to alleviate stress
28
Projection
attribution of undesirable characteristics to others
29
Reaction formation
take undesirable impulses and do the opposite (if you can't stand them, be nice to them)
30
Rationalization
use of plausible but inaccurate justification to explain behavior
31
Intellectualization
isolating thoughts about painful events from one's feelings
32
Undoing
way of making amends for unacceptable acts by a acceptable acts that nullifies the previous act
33
Compromise formation
use of contradicting behaviors to gain satisfaction for an undesirable impulse
34
5 Psychosexual stages (in order)
```
oral stage
anal stage
phallic stage
latency stage
genital stage
```
35
Oral stage
babies; centered on the mouth, primary gratification around the mouth
36
Anal stage
2-3 y/o; centered around the anal area, primary gratification around anal cavity
37
Phallic stage
4-5 y/o; centered on the genitals, wants to explore their bodies and other's bodies
38
Latency stage
6-11/12 y/o; sexual energy lies dormant
39
Genital stage
final stage; wants to develop a mature love relationship
40
Oedipal complex (what is it, when does it happen?)
phallic stage
| boy falls in love w mother, feels threatened by father, identifies w father
41
Core components of dependent personality type
need for the person to be taken cared of
fear of being abandoned or separated from important individuals
starts to be dependent and submissive
clingy
42
Transference
feelings presumed to be directed toward the parent are now directed toward therapist
43
Countertransference
tendency of the therapist to react w personal feelings toward the patient on the basis of the therapist's own needs or conflicts
44
What part of the psyche has inherited instincts? (explain)
the collective unconscious
| we are born with shared unconscious that go beyond personal experience
45
What is the "evil" side of human nature?
the shadow; the evil, repulsive, and inferior side of human nature
46
Anima
the feminine archetype in men, with both + and - characteristics of the transpersonal female
47
Animus
masculine archetype in women, with both + and - characteristics of the transpersonal male
48
Jung: 4 functions
sensing
thinking
feeling
intuiting
49
Sensing
initial, concrete experiencing of phenomena without use of reason
50
Thinking
uses reason and logic
51
Feeling
evaluation of events judging by good or bad/ accepted or unaccepted
52
Intuiting
relying on hunches when dealing w strange situations
53
What are people continually moving towards?
self-realization
54
How did Jung conceptualize dreams?
dreams are involuntary and spontaneous eruptions of repressed materials that are rooted in both the personal and collective unconscious
55
Horney's overall theory: why do we become neurotic?
each person is special and has a unique set of potentials that will flourish under wise parental guidance
we become neurotics bc we want accept nothing less of perfection
56
Different types of psychopathy
primary psychopathy
| secondary psychopathy
57
Primary psychopathy
aggressiveness, callousness, lack of remorse
58
Secondary psychopathy
excessive guilt, lack of clarity about goals
59
10 neurotic needs
```
affection and approval
partner to control one's life
restrict one's activities
power
exploiting others
social recognition/prestige
personal admiration
personal achievement
self sufficiency/independence
perfection and unassailability
```
60
3 basic neurotic trends
compliant
aggressive
detached
61
Compliant type
seeking approval and attention through conformity, moves towards people
62
Aggressive type
protects themselves against feelings of insecurity by exploiting others in order to feel superior
63
Detached type
protects themselves by avoidance of others, moves away from people
64
The 3 different selves
real, idealized, actual
65
Real self
unique set of potentials for constructive growth within
66
Idealized self
defensive identification of neurotics w their idealized images
67
Actual self
the self as it is in the moment
68
7 defense mechanisms
```
blind spots
compartmentalization
rationalization
excessive control
arbitrary highness
elusiveness
cynicism
```
69
Blind spots
painful experiences are denied or ignored bc they are at variance w the idealized self
70
Compartmentalization
separating beliefs and actions
71
Rationalization
wards off anxiety by offering plausible, inaccurate excuses
72
Mental representations of important people
object relations
73
Children's need to be admired and have an impact on others
mirroring
74
Kohut's theory: what is the process kids go through and what are the needs that they have?
the self is the center of psych motivation, organization and change
process where a child goes from not being able to take on someone else's perspective to being able to
they need to be admired and have an impact on others
75
Emotional coldness or distance: what disorder?
schizoid
76
4 types of narcissistic personality disorders
????
77
Self-display and showing off: what disorder?
narcissistic
78
Allport's different traits (5)
```
cardinal
central
secondary
common
personal disposition
```
79
Cardinal traits
motivating force (dominant) for virtually all of an individual's behavior
80
Central traits
control individual's behavior to many situations
81
Secondary traits
peripheral characteristics that exert little control over behavior
82
Common traits
dispositions shared w others
83
Personal disposition
traits unique to the individual
84
Different stages of self development and ages
```
bodily self: infancy
self identity: 18 months
self-esteem: 2-3 y/o
self extension: 4-6 y/o
self-image
self-as-rational: 6-12 y/o
propriate striving: 13 and up y/o
self-as-knower: adulthood
```
85
Bodily self (infancy)
feeling based on physical needs
86
Self-identity (18 months)
sense of continuity or sameness
87
Self-esteem (2-3)
feeling's about one's self
88
Self-extension (4-6)
sense of identity
89
Self-image
how we project ourselves
90
Self-as-rational (6-12)
awareness of capability of rationally formulating and utilizing strategies to solve and attain goals
91
Propriate striving (13)
motive that propels someone toward long range goals
92
Self-as-knower (adulthood)
sense of self as one who controls many different facets
93
Criteria and characteristics for maturity
```
extension of sense of self
warm relatedness to others
self acceptance
realistic perception of reality
self objectification
unifying philosophy of life
```
94
Extension of the sense of self
ability to participate in activities w others that go beyond selfish needs
95
Warm relatedness to others
able to be intimate and compassionate
96
Self-acceptance
understanding weaknesses and strength
97
Realistic perception of reality
accurate perception of the world as is actually exists
98
Self objectification
ability to not take one's self too seriously
99
Unifying philosophy of life
development of a set of life goals and values that guide a person's life
100
2 types of religious orientations
intrinsic
| extrinsic
101
Intrinsic religious orientations
surrender themselves to a higher power, it is an end to a means to an end
102
Extrinsic religious orientations
going to church for self serving purposes
103
3 dimensions for describing personality functioning
types, traits, habits
104
Introverts v. Extraverts
introverts are more shy and have a retiring approach to life, so much goes on in their minds they tend to shy away from other stimulation
extraverts are more outgoing and social, look for outside stimulation
105
Eysenek's views of intelligence
intelligence is largely genetic but can be shaped by environment
106
Eysenek's behavioral techniques
eyeblink conditioning
electrodermal response
pupillary response
107
Eyeblink conditioning
tone is used as the conditioned stimulus, and a puff of air into the eye is the unconditioned stimulus
108
Electrodermal response
changes in the electrical conductance of the skin that are associated w arousal
109
Pupillary response
changes in dilation of the pupils of the eyes associated w arousal
110
Constructive alternavitism
humans are capable of changing their interpretations of events (we can change our minds about things)
111
How would Kelly view people?
personality revolves around the person's attempts to maximize understanding of the world
112
What constructs are easily changeable?
peripheral constructs
113
What are the different corollaries?
```
individual
organization
choice
fragmentation
commonality
sociality
```
114
Individual corollary
people are all going to react differently
115
Organization corollary
constructs are organized within belief system
116
Choice corollary
people select between alternatives
117
Fragmentation corollary
people's constructs can be inconsistant
118
Commonlity corollary
similar constructs with people lead to similar behaviors
119
Sociality corollary
relationships depend on understanding each other's construct systems
120
Controlled elaboration
where clients clarify and revise their problems w their therapist, enables them to revise old constructs and create newer, effective ones
121
Kelly's treatment approaches
fixed role therapy: constructs roles for clients to help them overcome their weaknesses
122
Who were the psycho/neo analytic theorists?
freud
jung
horney
konut
123
Who were trait theorists?
allport
| eyseneck
124
BIG 5 factors
```
Openness
Conscientious
Extraverted
Agreeable
Neurotic
```
