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Theories of Personality > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Personality

A

the dynamic and organized set of characteristics of a person that explains or influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in different situations

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2
Q

Definition of Theory

A

conceptual system that helps make sense out of existing information and aids in the prediction of relationships between events

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3
Q

Definition of Hypothesis

A

tentative theoretical statements about how events are related to one another, often stated as predictions

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4
Q

Two different types of theories

A

inductive and deductive

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5
Q

Inductive theories

A

created from solid databases with empirical observations

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6
Q

Deductive theories

A

can be precisely stated and tested, and hypotheses are created as tentative answers to problems

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7
Q

Independent variables

A

variables actively manipulated

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8
Q

Dependent variables

A

changes in behavior that occur as a result of the manipulation of conditions by an experimenter

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9
Q

Experimental group

A

the group of study participants who experience the alteration of factors in an experiment

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10
Q

Control group

A

group that does not receive the experimental

treatment; provides baseline data

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11
Q

What is the type of research that allows you to infer cause/effect relationships?

A

Experimental method

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12
Q

Criteria for Evaluating Scientific Theories (6)

A

Comprehensiveness, Precision and testability, Parsimony, Empirical validity, Heuristic value, Applied value

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13
Q

Comprehensiveness

A

a theory is better when it can explain more

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14
Q

Precision and Testability

A

clearly and explicitly stated and measured

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15
Q

Parsimony

A

simplistic and straight forward path to the answer

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16
Q

Empirical Validity

A

theory is supported with data

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17
Q

Heuristic Value

A

should be challenging and should stimulate new ideas/research

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18
Q

Applied Value

A

should be capable of providing creative solutions to problems that are of interest and concern to people in society

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19
Q

Principle Id operates on

A

operates on the pleasure principle

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20
Q

Principle Ego operates on

A

operates on the reality principle- what’s realistic?

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21
Q

Primary defense mechanisms

A 
repression
suppression
denial
displacement
sublimation
regression
projection
reaction formation
rationalization
intellectualization
undoing
compromise formation
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22
Q

Repression

A

not aware, and pushes it down to the unconscious to keep from causing pain

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23
Q

Suppression

A

active and conscious attempt to stop anxiety provoking thoughts

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24
Q

Denial

A

a person’s refusal to perceive an unpleasant event in external reality

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25
Q

Displacement

A

unconscious attempt to obtain gratification

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26
Q

Sublimation

A

channel into a socially acceptable goal

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27
Q

Regression

A

person reverts to infantile behavior to alleviate stress

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28
Q

Projection

A

attribution of undesirable characteristics to others

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29
Q

Reaction formation

A

take undesirable impulses and do the opposite (if you can’t stand them, be nice to them)

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30
Q

Rationalization

A

use of plausible but inaccurate justification to explain behavior

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31
Q

Intellectualization

A

isolating thoughts about painful events from one’s feelings

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32
Q

Undoing

A

way of making amends for unacceptable acts by a acceptable acts that nullifies the previous act

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33
Q

Compromise formation

A

use of contradicting behaviors to gain satisfaction for an undesirable impulse

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34
Q

5 Psychosexual stages (in order)

A 
oral stage
anal stage 
phallic stage 
latency stage
genital stage
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35
Q

Oral stage

A

babies; centered on the mouth, primary gratification around the mouth

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36
Q

Anal stage

A

2-3 y/o; centered around the anal area, primary gratification around anal cavity

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37
Q

Phallic stage

A

4-5 y/o; centered on the genitals, wants to explore their bodies and other’s bodies

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38
Q

Latency stage

A

6-11/12 y/o; sexual energy lies dormant

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39
Q

Genital stage

A

final stage; wants to develop a mature love relationship

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40
Q

Oedipal complex (what is it, when does it happen?)

A

phallic stage

boy falls in love w mother, feels threatened by father, identifies w father

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41
Q

Core components of dependent personality type

A

need for the person to be taken cared of
fear of being abandoned or separated from important individuals
starts to be dependent and submissive
clingy

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42
Q

Transference

A

feelings presumed to be directed toward the parent are now directed toward therapist

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43
Q

Countertransference

A

tendency of the therapist to react w personal feelings toward the patient on the basis of the therapist’s own needs or conflicts

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44
Q

What part of the psyche has inherited instincts? (explain)

A

the collective unconscious

we are born with shared unconscious that go beyond personal experience

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45
Q

What is the “evil” side of human nature?

A

the shadow; the evil, repulsive, and inferior side of human nature

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46
Q

Anima

A

the feminine archetype in men, with both + and - characteristics of the transpersonal female

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47
Q

Animus

A

masculine archetype in women, with both + and - characteristics of the transpersonal male

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48
Q

Jung: 4 functions

A

sensing
thinking
feeling
intuiting

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49
Q

Sensing

A

initial, concrete experiencing of phenomena without use of reason

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50
Q

Thinking

A

uses reason and logic

51
Q

Feeling

A

evaluation of events judging by good or bad/ accepted or unaccepted

52
Q

Intuiting

A

relying on hunches when dealing w strange situations

53
Q

What are people continually moving towards?

A

self-realization

54
Q

How did Jung conceptualize dreams?

A

dreams are involuntary and spontaneous eruptions of repressed materials that are rooted in both the personal and collective unconscious

55
Q

Horney’s overall theory: why do we become neurotic?

A

each person is special and has a unique set of potentials that will flourish under wise parental guidance
we become neurotics bc we want accept nothing less of perfection

56
Q

Different types of psychopathy

A

primary psychopathy

secondary psychopathy

57
Q

Primary psychopathy

A

aggressiveness, callousness, lack of remorse

58
Q

Secondary psychopathy

A

excessive guilt, lack of clarity about goals

59
Q

10 neurotic needs

A 
affection and approval
partner to control one's life
restrict one's activities 
power 
exploiting others
social recognition/prestige
personal admiration
personal achievement
self sufficiency/independence
perfection and unassailability
60
Q

3 basic neurotic trends

A

compliant
aggressive
detached

61
Q

Compliant type

A

seeking approval and attention through conformity, moves towards people

62
Q

Aggressive type

A

protects themselves against feelings of insecurity by exploiting others in order to feel superior

63
Q

Detached type

A

protects themselves by avoidance of others, moves away from people

64
Q

The 3 different selves

A

real, idealized, actual

65
Q

Real self

A

unique set of potentials for constructive growth within

66
Q

Idealized self

A

defensive identification of neurotics w their idealized images

67
Q

Actual self

A

the self as it is in the moment

68
Q

7 defense mechanisms

A 
blind spots
compartmentalization
rationalization
excessive control
arbitrary highness
elusiveness
cynicism
69
Q

Blind spots

A

painful experiences are denied or ignored bc they are at variance w the idealized self

70
Q

Compartmentalization

A

separating beliefs and actions

71
Q

Rationalization

A

wards off anxiety by offering plausible, inaccurate excuses

72
Q

Mental representations of important people

A

object relations

73
Q

Children’s need to be admired and have an impact on others

A

mirroring

74
Q

Kohut’s theory: what is the process kids go through and what are the needs that they have?

A

the self is the center of psych motivation, organization and change
process where a child goes from not being able to take on someone else’s perspective to being able to
they need to be admired and have an impact on others

75
Q

Emotional coldness or distance: what disorder?

A

schizoid

76
Q

4 types of narcissistic personality disorders

A

????

77
Q

Self-display and showing off: what disorder?

A

narcissistic

78
Q

Allport’s different traits (5)

A 
cardinal
central
secondary
common
personal disposition
79
Q

Cardinal traits

A

motivating force (dominant) for virtually all of an individual’s behavior

80
Q

Central traits

A

control individual’s behavior to many situations

81
Q

Secondary traits

A

peripheral characteristics that exert little control over behavior

82
Q

Common traits

A

dispositions shared w others

83
Q

Personal disposition

A

traits unique to the individual

84
Q

Different stages of self development and ages

A 
bodily self: infancy 
self identity: 18 months
self-esteem: 2-3 y/o
self extension: 4-6 y/o
self-image
self-as-rational: 6-12 y/o
propriate striving: 13 and up y/o
self-as-knower: adulthood
85
Q

Bodily self (infancy)

A

feeling based on physical needs

86
Q

Self-identity (18 months)

A

sense of continuity or sameness

87
Q

Self-esteem (2-3)

A

feeling’s about one’s self

88
Q

Self-extension (4-6)

A

sense of identity

89
Q

Self-image

A

how we project ourselves

90
Q

Self-as-rational (6-12)

A

awareness of capability of rationally formulating and utilizing strategies to solve and attain goals

91
Q

Propriate striving (13)

A

motive that propels someone toward long range goals

92
Q

Self-as-knower (adulthood)

A

sense of self as one who controls many different facets

93
Q

Criteria and characteristics for maturity

A 
extension of sense of self
warm relatedness to others
self acceptance
realistic perception of reality
self objectification
unifying philosophy of life
94
Q

Extension of the sense of self

A

ability to participate in activities w others that go beyond selfish needs

95
Q

Warm relatedness to others

A

able to be intimate and compassionate

96
Q

Self-acceptance

A

understanding weaknesses and strength

97
Q

Realistic perception of reality

A

accurate perception of the world as is actually exists

98
Q

Self objectification

A

ability to not take one’s self too seriously

99
Q

Unifying philosophy of life

A

development of a set of life goals and values that guide a person’s life

100
Q

2 types of religious orientations

A

intrinsic

extrinsic

101
Q

Intrinsic religious orientations

A

surrender themselves to a higher power, it is an end to a means to an end

102
Q

Extrinsic religious orientations

A

going to church for self serving purposes

103
Q

3 dimensions for describing personality functioning

A

types, traits, habits

104
Q

Introverts v. Extraverts

A

introverts are more shy and have a retiring approach to life, so much goes on in their minds they tend to shy away from other stimulation

extraverts are more outgoing and social, look for outside stimulation

105
Q

Eysenek’s views of intelligence

A

intelligence is largely genetic but can be shaped by environment

106
Q

Eysenek’s behavioral techniques

A

eyeblink conditioning
electrodermal response
pupillary response

107
Q

Eyeblink conditioning

A

tone is used as the conditioned stimulus, and a puff of air into the eye is the unconditioned stimulus

108
Q

Electrodermal response

A

changes in the electrical conductance of the skin that are associated w arousal

109
Q

Pupillary response

A

changes in dilation of the pupils of the eyes associated w arousal

110
Q

Constructive alternavitism

A

humans are capable of changing their interpretations of events (we can change our minds about things)

111
Q

How would Kelly view people?

A

personality revolves around the person’s attempts to maximize understanding of the world

112
Q

What constructs are easily changeable?

A

peripheral constructs

113
Q

What are the different corollaries?

A 
individual
organization
choice
fragmentation
commonality
sociality
114
Q

Individual corollary

A

people are all going to react differently

115
Q

Organization corollary

A

constructs are organized within belief system

116
Q

Choice corollary

A

people select between alternatives

117
Q

Fragmentation corollary

A

people’s constructs can be inconsistant

118
Q

Commonlity corollary

A

similar constructs with people lead to similar behaviors

119
Q

Sociality corollary

A

relationships depend on understanding each other’s construct systems

120
Q

Controlled elaboration

A

where clients clarify and revise their problems w their therapist, enables them to revise old constructs and create newer, effective ones

121
Q

Kelly’s treatment approaches

A

fixed role therapy: constructs roles for clients to help them overcome their weaknesses

122
Q

Who were the psycho/neo analytic theorists?

A

freud
jung
horney
konut

123
Q

Who were trait theorists?

A

allport

eyseneck

124
Q

BIG 5 factors

A 
Openness
Conscientious 
Extraverted 
Agreeable
Neurotic

Theories of Personality (2 decks)

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