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Marine Mammals > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a marine mammal?

A

Mammal bound to marine habitat.
Viviparous
Lactation/mammary glands
Hair/fur

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2
Q

Define viviparous

A

It means “live births”

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3
Q

What are the Orders of Cetaceans?

A

Odontocetes

Mystecetes

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4
Q

Order Odontoceti characteristics

A 
Toothed whales (includes dolphins)
One blow-hole
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5
Q

Order Mysticeti

A

Baleen whales

Two blow-holes

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6
Q

Order Sirenia

A

Manatees and dugongs

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7
Q

What are the sub-order names for Manatees and dugongs?

A

Manatees: Trichechidae
Dugong: Dugongidae

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8
Q

If Pinniped is a sub-order, what is its Order name?

A

Carnivora

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9
Q

What are the families of Pinnipeds?

A

Phocidae
Otaaridae
Odobenidae

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10
Q

What are Phocides?

A

True Seals

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11
Q

What are Otaarids?

A

Sea lions and Fur seals

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12
Q

What are Odobenids?

A

Walrus

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13
Q

Other Carnivora families and what are the animals?

A

Mustellidae: Sea Otters
Ursidae: Bears

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14
Q

What was the cause of marine mammal evolution?

A
  1. Lack of terrestrial resources (No space, no food)
  2. Predators on land
  3. Swimming
  4. Sea Level
  5. More food in the aquatic environment
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15
Q

How many million years ago was the cretaceous/tertiary extinction? (End of the dinosaurs)

A

65 Mya

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16
Q

When did the first cetacean fossil show up? where was it found? and what was the name of the animal?

A

54 mya, in Pakistan, and named Pakicetus

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17
Q

When did the first sirenian fossil show up? and where?

A

50 mya in Egypt/Italy

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18
Q

Why were there also fossils of sirenians and cetaceans found in Jamaica and South Carolina?

A

They migrated because the tethys sea was closing up.

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19
Q

What animal arrived about 30 mya? Where? and what present day animal did they resemble?

A

Desmostylians showed up in the North Pacific and looked like a modern day Hippo.

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20
Q

What animals started to show up about 27 mya? and where?

A

Pinnipeds in the North Pacific

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21
Q

What happened major event happened about 30 mya and explain it?

A

The circumpolar current and polar ice caps are established from Antarctica splitting away from South America.
Cold water circulation sinks and develops deep water currents, which leads to coastal upwelling which produces an abundance of nutrients.

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22
Q

What showed up about 15 mya?

A

Bears

23
Q

What showed up about 5 mya?

A

Aquatic Sloth

24
Q

What showed up about 1-3 mya?

A

Modern sea otters

25
Q

When did polar bears show up?

A

Roughly 300,000 years ago.

26
Q

What are the subfamilies of the family Otariidae? and which animal are they? and where do they specifically live?

A
  1. Otaarinae: Sea Lions
  2. Arctocephalinae: Fur Seals
    Only in the Pacific in the northern hemisphere
27
Q

What is the closest outgroup of Cetaceans?

A

Ungulates (Cows, etc.) (Even-toed, hoofed animals)

28
Q

What cetacean characteristics did Pakicetus have?

A

Cetacean ear

Amphibious predator but more terrestrial.

29
Q

What evolved from Pakicetus? And what did they look like?

A

48 mya- Ambuloretus - “Crocodilian”
48 mya- Protocetidae - more aquatic - started dorsal kicking
40-34 mya- Basilosauridae - Looks like a whale but still has tiny hind legs
40-34 mya- Dorudontidae - Direct ancestor of modern odontecetes

30
Q

Physical adaptations from Pakicetus to Dorudontidaes (54-34 mya)

A

Reduction in hind legs, pelvic girdle
Blowhole moving back (about half-way back on head)
Flexible elbow
Heterodont teeth

31
Q

Differences between Mysticetes and Odontocetes

A

Mysticetes: Teeth, symmetrical craniums, 2 blow-holes, more floating ribs, telescoping of skulls differ.

Odontocetes: Baleen, 1 blow-hole, Asymmetrical cranium, large breastplate/ribs

32
Q

Types of Cetacean distribution

A

Cosmopolitan
Anti-Tropical
Circumpolar
Pantropical

33
Q

Pachyostotic bones

A

Solid bone throughout the manatee body that does NOT have bone marrow.

34
Q

3 species of the family trichechidae

A

West Indian
Amazonian
West African

35
Q

Around what time did Polar bears split from Grizzly bears?

A

343,000-479,000 years ago

36
Q

Adaptations mammals had to make to become a marine mammal.

A 
Propulsion/locomotion
Thermoregulation
Diving/breath-holding
Communication
Osmoregulation
Sensory biology
37
Q

Seawater is ______ more dense than air

A

800 times

38
Q

Modes of propulsion

A

Drag-based (paddling) – Max 50% efficient

Lift-based (Hydrofoils)– Up to 80% efficient

39
Q

Hydrodynamic Adaptations

A

Maximize Laminar flow

  • Parallel boundary layer flow
  • More hydrodynamic critters have a higher “critical velocity”

Decrease drag

  • Frictional or viscous drag
  • Pressure drag
40
Q

How do you measure hydrodynamic efficiency?

A

Fineness Ratio and Reynolds number

41
Q

Fineness Ratio equation and what value is the most ideal?

A

Length/max diameter

4.5 is ideal

42
Q

Reynold’s number

A

R=(Body length x Swim velocity)/[(Water viscosity)/(water density)]
The lower the R value means the more hydrodynamic it is.

43
Q

Balaenidae

A

Right Whales (only 2 species exists)

44
Q

Eschrichtiidae

A

Gray Whales (Only 1 species left)

45
Q

Balaenopteridae

A

Rorqual whales

46
Q

Physeteridae

A

Sperm whale (Only 1 species left)

47
Q

Kogiidae

A

Pygmy/dwarf sperm whales

48
Q

Ziphiidae

A

Beaked whales

49
Q

Monodontidae

A

Belugas and narwhals

50
Q

Delphinidae

A

Dolphin

51
Q

Phocoenidae

A

Porpoises

52
Q

Trichechidae

A

Manatees

53
Q

Dugongidae

A

Dugongs

Marine Mammals (3 decks)

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