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Clin Path UGA > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anisocytosis

A

RBC size variation

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2
Q

Reticulocytes

A

RBC precursors w/o nucleus

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3
Q

Formula for Corrected Reticulocyte Percentage (CRP)

A

Retic % x (patient’s HCT / “normal” HCT)

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4
Q

Absolute Reticulocyte Count

A

Retic % x RBC count = retics/ uL

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5
Q

Echinocytes

A

RBCs with spikes all over coming out of it. Snake bites can cause this

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6
Q

Schistocytes

A

Shearing injury in RBC - DIC, IMHA

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7
Q

Spherocytes

A

RBC shaped like a sphere, no longer bi-concave disk. Primary rule-out IMHA

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8
Q

Elliptocytes

A

Oval RBCs. Common in camelids, hereditary in dogs

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9
Q

Characteristics of Mycoplasma

A

Epicellular
Often seen in chains
No cell wall
Present in virtually all species

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10
Q

How long does it take from rubriblast to mature erythrocyte?

A

3-5 days

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11
Q

What is HIF-1a? What does it do?

A

Hypoxia inducible factor
Degraded in the presence of O2
When not degraded stimulated peritubular fibroblasts to produce erythropoietin

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12
Q

What color tube for coagulation tests?

A

Blue top

3.2% sodium citrate

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13
Q

What color top for chemistry, serology, immunology?

A

Red top
Gold top
Tiger top
(w or w/o clot activator)

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14
Q

What color tube for hematology?

A

Lavender or pink top

Potassium EDTA

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15
Q

What components of CBC are measured directly? Calculated?

A

Measured directly: RBC count, [Hgb]

Calculated: Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW

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16
Q

Difference between PCV and HCT?

A

PCV: Determined by centrifuging blood in a small tube
HCT: calculated by automated analyzers

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17
Q

What is Hgb concentration when compared to Hct?

A

~ 1/3

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18
Q

Primary cause for Microcytosis?

A

Iron deficiency

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19
Q

True of False:

Horses have reticulocyte.

A

False

20
Q

Characteristics of Anaplasma

A

Round/oval basophilic structures in ruminant erythrocytes

21
Q

Cytauzoon

A

Intracellular
Seen only in cats
Typically fatal

22
Q

Which dog breed is over-represented for babesiosis?

A

Pit Bulls

23
Q

Hemoproteus

A

Intracellular
Asymptomatic in raptors
Can cause sudden death in non-indigenous species

24
Q

Two kinds of microfilaria seen in feathered edge of dog blood smears?

A

Dirofilaria immitus and Acanthofilaria

25
Q

Three indicators of appropriate bone marrow response to anemia:

A

Increased reticulocyte count
Increased polychromasia
Increased erythropoiesis in BM

26
Q

Clinical signs of anemia:

A 
pale mucous membranes
lethargy
open mouth breathing
hemorrhage
hematuria
hemoglobinuria
hemoglobinemia (icterus)
27
Q

3 major categories of anemia

A

Hemorrhage (regenerative)
Hemolysis (regenerative)
Decreased production (nonregenerative)

28
Q

3 ways to “classify the anemia”

A

Using RBC indices (MCV, MCHC)
Using reticulocyte count (regenerative vs. non-regenerative)
By general mechanism (hemorrhage, hemolysis, production problem)

29
Q

Normocytic, Normochromic

A 
Early blood loss/hemolysis (preregenerative)
DDx:
1. kidney disease
2. chronic inflammation
3. marrow occupying lesion
30
Q

Microcytic, Hypochromic

A

Caused my iron deficiency
DDx:
chronic blood loss
dietary iron deficiency

31
Q

True or False:

Asian breed dogs generally have microcytic RBCs.

A

True

32
Q

Macrocytic, Hypochromic

A

Marrow responding to hemolysis/hemorrhage

Combined w/ reticulocytosis = REGENERATIVE ANEMIA

33
Q

Which test is the best indicator of bone marrow response to anemia?

A

Absolute Reticulocyte Counts

34
Q

Absolute retic count > RI =

A

REGENERATIVE anemia

35
Q

Absolute retic count WRI =

A

NONREGENERATIVE anemia

36
Q

Heinz Body Anemia

Due to what?

A

Indicative of oxidative damage.

  1. removal by splenic macrophages
  2. lysing in capillaries
37
Q

IMHA Primary vs. Secondary:

A

Primary: self-reactive T and B cells and autoAb specific for antigen on RBC
Secondary: immune complexes that non-specifically adsorb to the RBC surface

38
Q

What does the Coombs Test do?

A

Detects immune complexes attached to RBC membranes

*Useful only in anemic animals

39
Q

4 reasons why an IMHA + patient might have a - Coombs

A
  1. Autoantibody below detectable limits
  2. Transfused RBCs diluted patient’s antibody coated RBCs
  3. Prozone effect (excess antibody w/o dilution)
  4. Corticosteroid treatment
40
Q

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (NI)

A

Mare creates antibodies to foal RBCs

41
Q

3 most important canine blood types

A

1.1, 1.2, 7

Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA)

42
Q

What is unique about feline blood types?

A

Cats make antibodies to every blood group that is not their own.

43
Q

What is Fading Kitten Syndrome?

A

Type B queen with Type A kittens

44
Q

What is the most common cause of relative (mild to moderate) erythrocytosis?

A

Dehydration

45
Q

What can cause absolute erythrocytosis?

A

Increased EPO

Independent of EPO (rare)

Clin Path UGA (1 decks)

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