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2016 CVA > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Features between two or more organisms are ______ if they share common ancestry

A

Homologous

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2
Q

Features of two or more organisms are ____ if they only share a common function

A

Analogous

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3
Q

A term that means similar in structure AND origin

A

Homology

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4
Q

Structures can be 1.) _____, 2.) _____, or 3.) ______.

A

Homologous Analogous Both

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5
Q

Retention by an organism of juvenile or larval traits later into life

A

Paedomorphosis

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6
Q

When certain characteristics possessed by a former ancestor are lost

A

Degeneration

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7
Q

_____ characteristics are held by lower forms

A

Primitive

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8
Q

A characteristic found in higher vertebrates in the phylogenetic tree

A

Advanced

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9
Q

Higher vertebrates with an amniotic sac

A

Amniotes

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10
Q

Lower vertebrates without an amniotic sac

A

Anamniotes

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11
Q

The membrane sac that surrounds the embryo

A

Amnion

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12
Q

Features found within a specific group

A

Specialized

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13
Q

A structure in the body of an organism with no apparent function - it may have had a function at one time but through years of evolution the function was lost

A

Vestigial

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14
Q

Structures are _____ ______ if they occupy different spatial positions in a series of similar structures (in the same animal)

A

Serially Homologous

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15
Q

Structures are _______ ________ if they develop from equivalent embryonic primordia, but are dimorphic

A

Sexually Homologous

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16
Q

Erect and facing the observer, arms at sides, palms of the hands turned forward so the radius and ulna do not cross

A

Anatomical Position

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17
Q

Toward the head or the upper part of a structure (3 Terms)

A

Superior/Cephalad/Craniad

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18
Q

Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure (2 Terms)

A

Inferior/Caudad

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19
Q

Nearer to or at the front of the body (2 Terms)

A

Anterior/Ventral

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20
Q

Nearer to or at the back of the body (2 Terms)

A

Posterior/Dorsal

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21
Q

Nearer the midline of the body or a structure (1 Term)

A

Medial

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22
Q

Farther from the midline of the body or a structure (1 Term)

A

Lateral

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23
Q

Between two structures (1 Term)

A

Intermediate

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24
Q

Nearer the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or a structure (1 Term)

A

Proximal

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25
Q

Farther from the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or a structure (1 Term)

A

Distal

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26
Q

Toward or on the surface of the body (1 Term)

A

Superficial

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27
Q

Away from the surface of the body (1 Term)

A

Internal

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28
Q

Pertaining to the outer wall of a body cavity (1 Term)

A

Parietal

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29
Q

Pertaining to the covering of an organ (1 Term)

A

Visceral

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30
Q

Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body

A

Planes

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31
Q

A plane that runs vertically

A

Sagittal

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32
Q

A plane that runs through the midline of the body, runs vertically and divides the body or organs into equal right and left sides

A

Midsagittal

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33
Q

A plane that runs vertically, but divides the body or organs into unequal left and right portions

A

Parasagittal

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34
Q

A plane that runs vertically and divides the body or organs into anterior/posterior

A

Frontal/Coronal Plane

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35
Q

A plane that runs parallel to the ground and divides the body or organs into superior/inferior portions

A

Horizontal/Transverse Plane

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36
Q

A cavity containing the brain

A

Cranial

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37
Q

A cavity containing the spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

A

Vertebral

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38
Q

The chest cavity. contains the ____, ______, and _____ cavities.

A

Thoracic; Pleural, Pericardial, Mediastinum

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39
Q

Cavity surrounding the lungs, the serous membrane is the pleura

A

Pleural

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40
Q

Cavity surrounding the heart; the serous membrane of this cavity is the pericardium

A

Pericardial

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41
Q

The central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs, extends from sternum to vertebral column and from neck to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

A

Mediastinum

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42
Q

What are the subphyla of Phylum Chordata

A

Urochordata Cephalochordata Vertebrata

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43
Q

Animals that have a notochord in the embryo stage at least

A

Chordates

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44
Q

What are the big 4 morphological characteristics of chordates?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Hollow dorsal nerve cord
  3. Perforated pharynx
  4. Post-anal tail
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45
Q

Name other characteristics of chordates

A
  1. Bilateral symmetry
  2. Cephalization
  3. Metamerism/segmentation
  4. True body cavity or coelom
  5. Triploblastic germ layers
  6. Blastopore becomes anus (Deuterostome)
  7. True endoskeleton
  8. Presence of ventrally located heart
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46
Q

Longitudinal rod of support tissue that is derived from the dorsal wall of the embryonic gut

A

Notochord

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47
Q

Who retains the notochord as adults?

A

Cephalochordates and many vertebrates

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48
Q

What is the location of the notochord?

A

Immediately ventral to the CNS, dorsal to the alimentary canal, extending from midbrain to the tip of the tail

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49
Q

Muscular proboscis with a small organ in hemichordates

A

Homolog of the notochord

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50
Q

Where does the dorsal hollow nerve cord derive from? How?

A

Ectoderm; Neuralation

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51
Q

What does the hollow central nervous system consist of?

A

A brain, spinal cord, and central lumen (neurocoel)

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52
Q

Extended anterior portion of the gut, perforated by numerous slits and can allow water taken into the mouth to be passed out of the body

A

Perforated pharynx

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53
Q

This separates adjacent pharyngeal - another name for gill arch

A

Pharyngeal arch

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54
Q

Circulatory system in cephalochordates where the heart pumps blood. Name the type of heart and list blood flow

A

Ventral heart; forward into a ventral aorta, up through aortic arches, into a dorsal aorta

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55
Q

Principle sense and nervous organs are concentrated in the head region

A

Cephalization

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56
Q

What subphyla has no head?

A

Urochordates

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57
Q

Segmentation of some features of the body

A

Metamerism

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58
Q

Three deuterostomes

A

Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Hemichordata Phylum Chordata

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59
Q

Balanoglossus and Dolichoglossus are tongue worms in the Phylum ______

A

Hemichordata

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60
Q

Name the division of Phylum Chordata and list their respective names

A

Urochordata - tunicates Cephalochordata - amphioxus Vertebrata

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61
Q

Name the classes of Phylum Vertebrata. If they are extinct, indicate so.

A

Agnatha Placodermi (Extinct) Chrondrichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

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62
Q

What is the name of the notochord homolog in hemichordates?

A

Stomochord

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63
Q

A short diverticulum of the foregut, which extends forward into the proboscis

A

Stomochord

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64
Q

________ have vertebrate-type pharyngeal gill slits and a larvae called tornaria that’s bilaterally symmetrical.

A

Hemichordates

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65
Q

Describe the circulatory and reproductive systems of hemichordates

A

Circulatory - dorsal and ventral longitudinal vessel Reproductive - segmented series of gonads

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66
Q

What are the two groups of extant non-vertebrate chordates?

A

Urochordate and cephalochordate

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67
Q

The larval form of urochordates may represent a starting point for the evolution of _____.

A

Vertebrates

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68
Q

_______ may have lifestyles similar in some ways to those of the earliest vertebrates.

A

Cephalochordates

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69
Q

Nonvertebrate chordates that are both small marine animals

A

Urochordates and Cephalochordates

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70
Q

What is the common name of urochordates?

A

Tunicates

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71
Q

Describe the characters of adult urochordates?

A

Shaped like sacs/stalks, sessile, body covered by tunics

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72
Q

What types of feeders are adult urochordates?

A

Filter

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73
Q

Where is the atrium in adult urochordates?

A

Between the tunic and pharynx

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74
Q

In adult urochordates, food is trapped in a sticky mucus that moves from the ____ to pharyngeal bars, and then to the ______.

A

Endostyle; Esophagus

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75
Q

In what stage do urochorates moreso resemble vertebrates?

A

Larval

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76
Q

Where is the notochord located in larval urochordates?

A

The tail

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77
Q

What am I? Has pharynx with gill slits, post-anal tail, and larval stage lasts two days

A

Larval urochordate

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78
Q

What is the best known cephalochordate? Give the common and Latin name

A

Amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum

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79
Q

Name the primitive characteristics of Branchiostoma lancelatum

A
  • Nephridia
  • Pigmented eye spot
  • No heart
  • Epidermis one cell thick
  • Segmented musculature
  • Notochord
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80
Q

Name the specialized characteristics of Branchiostoma lancelatum

A

Notochord extends anterior to brain Atrium and metapleural folds Feeding apparatus

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81
Q

Blocks of striated muscle fibers arranged on both sides of the body separated by sheets of connective tissue. Found in cephalochordates as well as urochordate larvae.

A

Myomeres

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82
Q

What are these?

A

Metapleural folds

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83
Q

In amphioxus, the notochord extends the full length of the body, prevents the body from _____ when the _____ contract, and extends from the tip of the snout, to the end of the tail, going beyond the region of ______.

A

Shortening; Myomeres; Myomeres

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84
Q

What are the pharynx and gill slits used for in amphioxus?

A

Filter feeding

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85
Q

How do cephalochordates breathe? What is the major difference between cephalochorates and vertebrates?

A

Through the skin

Vertebrates use the pharynx and gill slites for respiration

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86
Q

Name the parts of the Amphioxus:

  1. Attached to the margin of the oral hood; filters out large particles
  2. Ciliated tracts, some food particles are entrapped and sent back to the pharynx
  3. Screens food particles (Velar Tentacles)
A
  1. Buccal cirri
  2. Wheel organ
  3. Velum
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87
Q

Describe the circulatory system of cephalochordates

A

No true heart, no red/white blood cells, there’s a ventral pump located behind the gill slits that powers circulation ventral to dorsal through the gill arches

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88
Q

Describe the nervous system of cephalochordates

A

Hollow dorsal nerve cord and no true brain

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89
Q

What make up the excretory system in cephalochordates? They are a part of the nephrons in vertebrates

A

Solenocytes/Podocytes

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90
Q

An important difference is that the excretory organs of cephalochordates are derived from _____ instead of _____ (as in vertebrates).

A

Ectoderm; Mesoderm

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91
Q

Instead of a true liver, what do cephalochordates have?

A

Hepatic diverticula (midgut cecum)

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92
Q

Wehere does the atrium of cephalochordates open to?

A

The outside through the atriopore

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93
Q

Name the triploblastic germ layers of vertebrates

A
  1. Ectoderm - outside
  2. Mesoderm - middle
  3. Endoderm - inside
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94
Q

Part of the vertebrate body that is lined by the mesoderm

A

Body cavity/Coelom

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95
Q

Define a complete gut

A

There are separate openings for the mouth and the anus

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96
Q

In vertebrates, where does the anus derive from?

A

Blastopore

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97
Q

In vertebrates, where does the internal skeleton derive from?

A

Mesoderm

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98
Q

What does mesoderm in vertebrates form from?

A

Tissue in the embryonic gut

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99
Q

What do vertebrates have in common with adult urochordates? Larval urochordates?

A
  • Pharyngeal gill slits
  • The big four characteristics
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100
Q

What are the shared characters of vertebrates and cephalochordates?

A
  • True somites/myotomes
  • Certain mesoderm specialization
  • Development of various neural tissue by the notochord
  • A caudal (tail) fin fold
  • Ventral to dorsal pattern of blood circulation
  • Excretory tissue formed from specialized cells (podocytes)
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101
Q

In vertebrates, muscle blocks are usually called ____, rather than _____ or myomeres.

A

Somites; Myotomes

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102
Q

Only vertebrates have a true ____, ____ structure, and ____ that supports and protects the _____.

A

Brain; Skeletal; Cranium; Brain

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103
Q

Sense organs of vertebrates

A

Eyes, ears, and olfactory organs

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104
Q

Name the unique characters of vertebrates

A
  • Hepatic portal system
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen
  • Heart with chambers
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105
Q

What is the function of the perforated pharyx in vertebrates?

A

Respiratory

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106
Q

Describe the most distinct and important new feature observed in early vertebrates

A

Head with tripartite brain inside cartilaginous cranium - included sense organs

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107
Q

Instead of cilia, what did early vertebrates use to move water over gill bars? How did they use the water?

A

Pharyngeal musculature; Respiration

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108
Q

Where did bony tissue form in early vertebrates as a kind of exoskeleton?

A

Skin

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109
Q

Agnathan

A

A jawless vertebrate

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110
Q

Gnathostome

A

Vertebrate with jaws

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111
Q

Vertebrate with (or had) four legs

Ex: Amphibian

A

Tetrapod

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112
Q

What permitted egg-laying on land and prevented dessication of the embryo in early vertebrates?

A

The amniotic sac - specialized membrane around the embryo

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113
Q

Name the classes of fish, state if they are extinct

A
  • Agnatha
  • Placodermi - extinct
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Acanthodii - extinct
  • Osteichthyes
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114
Q

Name the subclasses of Agnatha (vertebrate without jaws) and give examples

A
  • Myxinoidea
    • Hagfish
  • Cephalaspidomorpha
    • Ostracoderms - extinct
    • Lamprey
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115
Q

Name the subclasses of Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and give examples

A
  • Elasmobranchi
    • Sharks
    • Rays
  • Holocephali
    • Chimaeras
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116
Q

Name the subclasses of Osteichthyes (bony fish) and give examples

A
  • Actinopterygii (ray finned)
    • Chondrostei
      • Bichirs
      • Sturgeons
      • Paddlefish
    • Neopterygii
      • Gars
      • Bowfins
      • Teleosts
  • Sarcopterygii (lobe finned)

Coelacanths

Lungfish

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117
Q

Lampreys and hagfish are a group of agnathans called _____.

A

Cyclostomes

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118
Q

_______, larvae of the lamprey, have the most primitive body plan of living vertebrate.

A

Ammocoetes

119
Q

What are some features Agnathans lack when compared with the typical higher vertebrate?

A
  • Jaws
  • True teeth, girdles, appendages
  • pelvic fins
  • Gills are in pouches
120
Q

______ are the earliest vertebrates.

A

Ostracoderms

121
Q

Persistent notochord, lack of complete vertebrae, lack of paired appendages, lack of jaws, and semi-parasitic to bony fishes all describe who?

A

Agnathans

122
Q

What is the skeleton of Agnathans like?

A

Cartilaginous

123
Q

Who am I?

  • Exclusively marine
  • No bone
    • Body fluids are isosmolal to seawater (have to live in seawater)
A

Myxinoidea (Hagfish)

124
Q

When food reaches the gut in _____, it is surrounded by a mucous-like bag secreted by the _____ ______. The membrane allows ______ _____ in and digested food out. The membrane is excreted as a neat wrapper around the feces.

A

Myxinoidea; gut wall; digestive enzymes

125
Q

What is the amount range of external gill openings amongst the genera and species of hagfish? Do they correspond to the number of internal gills?

A

1-15; No

126
Q

What types of hearts do hagfish have?

A

A heart near the gills and an accessory heart

127
Q

What order is the lamprey?

A

Petromyzontia

128
Q

How do ammocoetes become adults?

A

Metamorphosis

129
Q

What was the most important evolutionary adaptation common to all the rest of the fish? Second most?

A

Enlargement and adaptation of te first gill arch to function as jaws; paired appendages

130
Q

What are the classes of jaw bearing fishes? Name if they are extinct

A
  • Placodermii - extinct
  • Acanthodii - extinct
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Osteochthyes
131
Q

Who am I?

  • The first jawed fish
  • Among the first with paired appendages
  • Persistent notochord
  • Some bone
  • Among first to have gas bladders
A

Placodermi

132
Q

Who am I?

  • Spiny fish
  • Bone and cartilage in the skeleton
  • Large operculum covers gill slits
A

Acanthodii

133
Q

Who am I?

  • Bone only in scales/teeth
  • Cartilaginous
  • Solid braincase
  • Branching pattern of blood vessels associated with gills
  • Small tooth-like scales or none at all
  • Appeared about 30 million years later tha nbony fish
A

Chondrichthyes

134
Q

What are the subclasses of Chondrichthyes?

A
  • Elasmobranchii
  • Holocephali
135
Q

Who am I?

  • Slit-like external gill openings
    • First gill slit reduced to roundish opening
    • Gill slits are naked
  • Small abrasive scales
  • Mouth is ventral
  • Sharks/rays
A

Elasmobranchii

136
Q

What is the roundish opening on Elasmobranchii?

A

Spiracle

137
Q

In Elasmobranchii, what is it mean when it is said that the gil slits are naked?

A

There is no Operculum

138
Q

Who am I?

  • Chiameras
  • Atypical group
  • Only cartiliginous fish with operculum covering gills
  • Notochord persistent
  • No spiracle
A

Holocephali

139
Q

What am I?

  • Skeleton composed primarily of bone
  • Bony operculum present
  • Gas fille swim bladder present
  • 5 gill openings max
  • Ry or Lobe finned
A

Osteichthyes

140
Q

Neopterygii and Chondrostei are what kinds of fish

A

Ray finned - Actinopterygii

141
Q

Dipnoi and Crossopterygii are what kinds of fish

A

Lobe finned - Sarcopterygii

142
Q

Who am I?

  • Lungfish
  • Atypical internal nares (nostrils opening into the mouth)
  • Advanced circulatory systems
A

Dipnoi

143
Q

Who am I?

  • Living fossil
  • Thought to be extinct until coelacanth discovered
A

Crossopterygii

144
Q

Spaces that surround the heart, lungs, digestive system, and certain urogenital organs

A

Coelemic cavities

145
Q

Where do true coelemic cavities occur?

A

Tissues of mesodermal regions

146
Q

What is the function of a coelomic cavity?

A

Provide room for internal organs to moe around and change their relative size as needed

147
Q

What is the purpose of serous membranes?

A

Secrete fluid to lubricate the organs

148
Q

______ membranes cover the inside of body walls and covers the viscera.

A

Serous

149
Q

These extend across the coelom from body wall to viscera; they also support internal organs and are a common site of fat storage in mammals

A

Mesenteries

150
Q

This joins organ to organ in the ceolom

A

Omenta / Omentum

151
Q

The split portions of mesoderm; It wedges down between ectoderm and the archenteron to help form coelomic spaces

Epimere/Mesomere/_____

A

Hypomere

152
Q

When the coelom forms, it splits the hypomere into an inner _____ layer and an outer _____ layer

A

Splanchnic; Somatic

153
Q

What happens as the coelom gets larger?

A

The right and left splanchnic layers form either mesentery, omentum, or cover the gut tube and its derivatives

154
Q

Give examples of the gut tube and its derivatives

A

Liver, Pancreas

155
Q

What is the dorsal mesentery?

A

Where splanchnic layers come together dorsal to the gut

156
Q

What is the ventral mesentery?

A

Where splanchnic layers come together ventral to the gut

157
Q

What happens to the ventral mesentery in humans?

A

It almost completely disappears, creating a large coelomic space

158
Q

The ______ mesentery persists between the liver and stomach to form the ______ ______

A

Ventral; Lesser Omentum

159
Q

Which vertebrates retain the most of the ventral mesentery

A

Lungfish and Eels

160
Q

This persists almost entirely in humans and supports the gut in the body cavity

Example: Mesocolon - holds the colon in place

A

Dorsal mesentery

161
Q

Where does the Greater Omentum develop from in mammals?

A

Dorsal mesentery

162
Q

Although the dorsal mesentery mostly remains in other vertebrates (besides humans), what’s wrong?

A

It’s usually incomplete and variable

163
Q

For hagfish, larval lamprey, and a few other fish:

A ____ _____ extends part og the way up from the ventral body wall ______ to the heart, partly separating an anterior ______ cavity from a larger _________ cavity.

A
  1. Transverse septum
  2. Posterior
  3. Pericardial
  4. Pertoneal
164
Q

There is a complete pericardium in vertebrates, excluding ____, ____ ____, and other fish.

A
  1. Hagfish
  2. Larval Lamprey
165
Q

In most vertebrates, the _____ _____ completely separates the heart from the principal coelom - which is now called the ______ cavity because lungs are present.

A
  1. Transverse Septum
  2. Pleuroperitoneal
166
Q

Where does the liver start to grow in tetrapods? What does it grow into, and separate from almost completely?

A
  1. Transverse Septum
  2. (Grows into) Ventral Mesentery
  3. (Separates from) Developing Diaphragm
167
Q

The part of the ventral mesentery that extends from the liver to the ventral body wall is the ______ ______. The part between the liver and gut tube is the ______ ______.

A
  1. Falciform Ligament
  2. Lesser Omentum
168
Q

________ are simply vertebrates with 4 legs

A

Tetrapods

169
Q

________ allows the head to turn in feeding and vision.

A

A Neck

170
Q

The outer covering of the body, also called skin

A

Integument

171
Q

_______ _______ are converted into limbs

A

Paired fins

172
Q

There is ____ benefit to being streamlined.

A

NO

173
Q

With no water buoyancy, ______ must be strong with ______ more firmly related to the axial skeleton

A

appendages, girdles

174
Q

What are the three functions of the skin?

A
  1. Physical protection
  2. Mechanical barrier
  3. Dissipation/Conservation of Heat (thermoregulation)
175
Q

_______ and ______ circulation REPLACE gills

A

Lungs, pulmonary

176
Q

The superficial layer of skin becomes ______ to resist drying and abrasion

A

CORNIFIED

177
Q

________, _________, and a _______ must all be modified to function in air instead of water.

A

eyes, ears, nose

178
Q

_________ and ______ had to be protected by ______ or _______ ______ to protect the embryo from dessication and mechanical damage and to receive metabolic wastes.

A

Eggs, embryos

Shells, Fetal membranes

179
Q

What are the five functions of theintegument?

A
  1. Coloration
  2. Locomotion
  3. Respiratory exchange
  4. Energy storage
  5. Vitamin synthesis
180
Q

Which class were the first Tetrapods?

A

Amphibians

181
Q

resemble the first tetrapods

A

Quasi-terrestrial

182
Q

________ are usually present and some respiration occurs through the lining of the mouth and throat

A

LUNGS

183
Q

What is the basic morphological plan of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Multilayered epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Skin glands
  4. Ossification (development of bone)
184
Q

_________ and _______moisten the eyes evolved of amphibians

A

Eyelids, Glands

185
Q

The subclass of class Amphibia is __________. All other subclasses are EXTINCT.

A

LISSAMPHIBIA

186
Q
  • Most are less 30cm in length
  • Possess a moist skin abundant glands and are only rarely with scales
  • The outer layer cornified layer of skin is periodically shed
  • Parts of the skeleton are commonly made of CARTILAGE
    *
A

Subclass Lissamphibia

187
Q

What subclass does the Order ANURA belong to?

A

Lissamphibia

188
Q

Where does the bone form in SOME vertebrates? (i.e. what layer of skin)

A

Dermis

189
Q

Label the Glands

A
  1. Sebaceous
  2. Sweat
190
Q

What subclass does the order URODELA belong to?

A

Lissamphibia

191
Q

characteristic of the order URODELA

A

having a tail

(Ex: salamanders)

192
Q

What subclass does the Order APODA belong to?

A

Lissamphibia

193
Q

Characteristics of the Order APODA?

A

without legs

obscure animals with primitive excretory organs and scales

(EX: CAECILIANS)

194
Q

__________ are the 1st class to have all structures of amphibians that are necessary for fully terrestrial life, including _____ _____ and _______ resistant to drying (covered with HORNY SCALES)

A

Reptiles

fetal membranes, integument

195
Q

Where do the epidermis and dermis derive from?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
196
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis? (All begin with STRATUM)

Nmemonic Device:

Can Linda Go Skating Granny?

A
  1. Corneum
  2. Lucidum
  3. Granulosum
  4. Spinosum
  5. Germinatum
197
Q

Label the layers of the skin

  • Lucid - clear
  • Innermost layer, adjacent to dermal layer
  • Granular
  • Spindly
  • Outermost layer - keratin is major component
A
  • Lucidum
  • Germinativum
  • Granulosum
  • Spinosum
  • Corneum
198
Q

Label the Parts of the Skin

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum
  5. Stratum Basale
  6. Keratinocyte
  7. Melanocyte
199
Q

What is the deepest layer of skin next to the dermis, and what is the origination of its name?

A

Germinativum

Stratum = Layer

Germinativum = Germ Layer

200
Q

(In the stratum germinativum) Daughter cells are produced here and pushed out to the surface, and transformed to become more _____ cells of the skin. What is the rate of production?

A
  • Superficial
  • Equal to the rate of loss at the surface of the epidermis
201
Q

Most layers superficial to the Stratum Germinativum are ____ and contain either _____ cells or _____ cells.

A
  • Secretory
  • Mucous
  • Proteinaceous
202
Q

What am I?

  • Some
    • Produce different types of mucous
    • Produce poisonous substances
    • Are photophores (light-producing)
A

Mucous cells

203
Q

These cells mainly produce keratin. They are also the main component of feathers, hair, claws, scales, and are also the dead outer layer of cells (in tetrapods) called the stratum corneum.

A

Proteinaceous Cells

204
Q

The dermis is usually _____ than the epidermis

A

Thicker

205
Q

The dermis is best developed in mammals. What does it primarily consist of?

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Nerves
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Blood Vessels
  • Glands
  • Fat
206
Q

The result in the surface grooves and patterns on palms, soles, fingers, etc.

A

Dermal Papillae

207
Q

What are pigment cells called?

A

Chromatophores

208
Q

These cells have many irregular branching processes and have dispersable granules that are responsible for physiologic color changes.

A

Chromatophores

209
Q

What are the four types of Chromatophores?

A
  • Melanophore
  • Erythrophore
  • Xanthophore
  • Iridiophore
210
Q

Pigment cell that contains melanin - black/brown pigment

A

Melanophore

211
Q

Pigment cell that contains red pigment

A

Erythrophore

212
Q

Pigment cell that contains yellow pigment

A

Xanthophore

213
Q

Pigment cell that produces silvery/iridescent skin

A

Iridiophore

214
Q
A

Melanocytes

215
Q

What are these an example of?

A

Iridiophores

216
Q

What animal has the simplest chordate integument? Hint: It’s a protochordate

(Epidermis is one layer of columnar epithelial cells that secrete a cuticle - acellular layer. The dermis is thin with no pigment.)

A

Amphioxus

217
Q

What are the skin layers for cyclostomata (lamprey and hagfish)?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

218
Q

Where are the chromatophores in cyclostomata?

A

Dermis

219
Q

What layer of cyclostomata skin am I?

Several layers that secrete a thin cuticle; No dead stratum corneum (the outer cells are living and have a nuclei)

A

Epidermis

220
Q

Label the larval cyclostome

A
  1. Unicellular Gland
  2. Melanocyte
  3. Dermis
  4. Epidermis
  5. Canaliculi
221
Q

What layer of fish skin am I?

There’s no dead stratum corneum and it’s thin with glandular elements

A

Epidermis

222
Q

What layer of fish skin am I?

It’s embedded with dermal scales and has chromatophores (this includes iridiophores or guanophores that make the skin surface iridescent)

A

Dermis

223
Q

The _______ _______ is more differentiated into regions and more firmly attached to the pelvic girdle than in amphibians

A

vertebral column

224
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Reptilia?

A
  • This group includes all animals that made the first TRUE invasion of land.
  • Reptiles comprise the only class that is clearly ancestral to 2 other classes: BIRDS and MAMMALS
225
Q

What are the subclass’s of the class Reptilia?

A

Subclass ANAPSIDA

Subclass DIAPSIDA

Subclass SYNAPSIDA

226
Q

What does Anapsida mean?

A

an absence of openings in the bones that form the roof over the temporal region of the skull.

(most primitive in reptiles)

227
Q

What Order is included in Subclass Anapsida?

A

Order TESTUDINES

(Turtles and Tortoises)

228
Q

Characterisitics of the Order TESTUDINES

A
  • Lacks temporal openings in the roof of the skull.
  • Many specialized structures include:

–Shell, ribs, spine, toothless mouth, pectoral girdle.

229
Q

Characteristics of the Subclass Diapsida

A

–A large group.

–These have either 2 temporal openings in the skull (diapsid) or are derived from having 2.

–All living reptiles except turtles.

–This lineage led to birds.

230
Q

What 2 orders are apart of Subclass Diapsid?

A

Order SQUAMATA

(Lizards, Amphisbaenians, Snakes)

Order CROCODILIA

(Crocodiles and relatives)

231
Q

Characteristics of Subclass SYNAPSIDA

A

–EXTINCT among reptiles.

–ONE temporal opening.

–A modified synapsid led to the CURRENT mammals.

232
Q

What organism is apart of the Class AVES?

A

BIRDS

233
Q

Characteristics of the Class AVES

A

•Birds have a high specialization of locomotor adaptation.

–All birds fly or are descendants of flyers.

–Birds are NOT very different from the particular reptiles they evolved from.

–Birds are the only vertebrate to combine FLIGHT with BIPEDALISM.

(Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs)

234
Q

What are the 2 subclass’s of the clas AVES?

A

Subclass ARCHAEORNITHES- extinct

Subclass NEORNITHES-all living birds

235
Q

What are the characteristics of the Subclass ARCHAEORNITHES?

A

–EXTINCT

–Fully feathered, but had tail feathers arranged in a row along each side of a long lizard-like tail.

–The skull had large orbits and the beak-like rostrum was reptilian including having TEETH in its jaws.

236
Q

Characteristics of the Subclass NEORNITHES?

A

–All remaining birds.

–Tail feathers are arranged like a fan at the end of the tail.

–There is fusion of bones in the spine, brain-case, lower leg, and “hand”

237
Q

in the subclass NEORNITHES A system of ______ ______ is usually present, and air spaces are found within most bones.

A

AIR SACS

238
Q

In the subclass NEORNITHES, Unless flightless (ex. Ostrich), the breastbone has a large ________

•This is where flight muscles have their origins.

A

KEEL

239
Q

What are the 2 orders of subclass NEORNITHES?

A

–Superorder PALEOGNATHAE

(Ex: ostrich, emu)

•Mostly flightless.

–Superorder NEOGNATHAE - nearly all surviving birds.

240
Q

What are the key characteristics to the class MAMMALIA?

A

–Hair or fur is present.

–Mammary glands are present.

–Single dentary bone on each side of the jaw.

•These may be fused to form a single dentary bone.

–3 ear ossicles (stapes, malleus, incus).

–Muscular diaphragm between pleural and abdominal cavities.

–Sweat glands.

–Heterodont teeth.

•2 sets of teeth, milk and permanent

–Enucleated, biconcave red blood cells.

–NO right 4th aortic arch

–Pinna (external ears)

–Well developed cerebral cortex.

241
Q

What are the 3 subclasses of the Class MAMMALIA?

A
  • Subclass PROTOTHERIA
  • Subclass ALLOTHERIA - extinct
  • Subclass THERIA
242
Q

What order is included in the Subclass Prototheria?

A

Order MONOTREMATA

(Ex:Platypus and Echidna)

243
Q

Characterisics of subclass Prototheria and Order Monotremata?

A

•OVIPAROUS - egg-laying.

–Unique among mammals

•Young are nourished by milk, presence of hair, and the single bone in the lower jaw qualify the monotremes as mammals.

244
Q

Characteristics of the Subclass THERIA?

A

–All familiar mammals.

–VIVIPAROUS - give birth to live young

(separates them from Prototheria).

245
Q

What are the 2 Infraclasses or the Subclass THERIA?

A

–Infraclass METATHERIA

–Infraclass EUTHERIA

246
Q

What Order is included inside the Infraclass METATHERIA?

A

Order MARSUPIALIA

(Ex:Opossums, wombats, kangaroos, bandicoots)

247
Q

Characteristics of Infraclass METATHERIA and Order MARSUPIALIA

A

Give birth to tiny embryonic young which are nourished in the pouch (MARSUPIUM) of the mother.

248
Q

Characteristics of Infraclass EUTHERIA

A

–Placental mammals

–Many surviving orders

249
Q

What 18 orders are included in the EUTHERIA Infraclass?

A
  • Order INSECTIVORA (Shrews, Moles, Hedgehos)
  • Order DERMOPTERA (Flying Lemurs)
  • Order CHIROPTERA (Bats)
  • Order PRIMATES (Lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans)
  • Order CINGULATA (XENARTHRA) (anteaters, sloths, armadillos)
  • Order PHOLIDOTA (scaly pangolins)
  • Order LAGOMORPHA (Rabbits, Pikas)
  • Order RODENTIA (Squirrels, beavers, rats, mice, porcupines)
  • Order CETACEA (whales, dolphins)
  • Order CARNIVORA (bears, dogs, raccoons, cats, hyenas)
  • Order PINNIPEDIA (seals, sea lions, walruses)
  • Order TUBULIDENTATA (Aardvark)
  • Order PROBOSCIDEA (elephants)
  • Order HYRACOIDEA (stocky hyraxes)
  • Order SIRENIA (dugongs and mantees)
  • Order ARTIODACTYLA ( pigs, camels, antelopes, cattle)
250
Q

What are characteristics of the Order INSECTIVORA?

A

Small with numerous sharp teeth

251
Q

What are the characteristics of the Order CHIROPTERA?

A

Only mammals capable of sustained FLIGHT

252
Q

What are characteristics of the Order CINGULATA (XENARTHRA)?

A

simple teeth or no teeth

253
Q

What are characteristics of the Order PHOLIDOTA?

A

Eats insects

254
Q

What are characteristics of the Order RODENTIA?

A

Gnawing incisors

255
Q

What are characteristics of the Order PERISSODACTYLA?

A

ODD-Toed

256
Q

What are characteristics of the order ARTIODACTYLA

A

Even-Toed

257
Q

__________ and _________ include most hoofed mammals and are collectively known as UNGULATES (Unguis = hoof)

A

Perissodactyla and artiodactyls

258
Q

Mature sex cells are called______.

A

GAMETES

259
Q

Gametes are _____ in the male and ______ (egg) cells in the female.

A

SPERM, OVUM

260
Q

Each gamete carries a ______, or half-set of chromosomes

A

HAPLOID

261
Q

The EGG Develops through the meiotic process of ________ (a reductional division).

A

OOGENESIS

262
Q

Products of OOGENESIS are:

A

–OOGONIUM

–PRIMARY OOCYTE

–SECONDARY OOCYTE

–POLAR BODIES (3)

–OVUM (1)

263
Q

•SPERM Develops through the meiotic process of _______ (a reduction division).

A

SPERMATOGENESIS

264
Q

What are the products of spermatogenesis?

A

–SPERMATOGONIUM

–PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE

–SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE

–SPERMATID

–SPERMATOZOA

265
Q

Sperm cells in vertebrates all have what 3 structures?

A

–HEAD - contains the nucleus.

•There are variable shapes in mammals, but all are capped by an ACROSOME.

–MIDDLE PIECE - contains mitochondria (provide energy).

–FLAGELLUM - moves the sperm cell around.

266
Q

Egg cells can be classified based on the amount of _____ they have?

A

YOLK

267
Q

______________ means it contains little yolk.

A

MICROLECITHAL

(Ex: amphioxus eggs may be ancestral chordate condition)

268
Q

_______ means eggs contain moderate amounts of yolk.

A

MESOLECITHAL

  • Includes most vertebrate eggs.
  • Ex. Lampreys, chondrichthyes, fish, and amphibians.
269
Q

_______ eggs contain large amounts of yolk.

A

MACROLECITHAL

Most fishes, reptiles, birds, and monotremes.

270
Q

_________ mammals instead have a placenta to nourish the embryo and no longer need yolk.

A

EUTHERIAN

(Their eggs have returned to a MICROLECITHAL condition.)

271
Q

________ a complex material made of proteins, phospholipids, and fats

A

YOLK

272
Q

_______ _______ –yolk is concentrated toward this end of the egg.

A

VEGETAL POLE

273
Q

_______ ______-the other end, a region of clearer cytoplasm and the nucleus.

A

ANIMAL POLE

274
Q

Eggs with this asymmetrical distribution of yolk are called ___________ (“end + yolk”).

A

TELOLECITHAL

275
Q

________ ________ tends to be highest at the ANIMAL pole (where clear cytoplasm and the nucleus are).

A

Metabolic activity

276
Q

–If yolk is not asymmetrically distributed – ___________

A

ISOLECITHAL.

277
Q

•Penetration of the egg by a sperm cell is a process involving both _______ (chemical) and ________ interactions between the sperm _________ and________.

A

ENZYMATIC, PHYSICAL

ACROSOME, EGG CORTEX.

278
Q

Entry of the sperm into the egg restores the ________ number of chromosomes, and causes reactions within the egg that make it refractory to the entry of other sperm as well as initiating development of the embryo.

A

DIPLOID

279
Q

the ZYGOTE begins to divide, Immediately after fertilization, so that at first there are ____, then ___, ___, ___, and ___ cells.

A

2,4,8,16,32

280
Q

The dividing of the zygote immediately after fertilization is called ________.

A

CLEAVAGE

281
Q

Since an increase in size does ______ accompany these divisions, the embryo is ____ _________ than the zygote was

A

NOT, NO LARGER

282
Q

Cell division during this process is _______ , and each cell receives a full complement of chromosomes and genes

A

MITOTIC

283
Q

________ - _________ division of the egg

_______ - Amphioxus, marsupials, placentals

_______ - primitive fish, amphibians

A

HOLOBLASTIC, TOTAL

EQUAL

UNEQUAL

284
Q

_______-______ division of the egg

__________- advanced Osteichthyes, reptiles, birds, monotremes.

_________-arthropods

A

MEROBLASTIC, PARTIAL

DISCOIDAL

SUPERFICIAL

285
Q

The ZYGOTE after CLEAVAGE is a multicellular embryo called a ________.

A

BLASTULA

286
Q

The cavity in blastula is called the ____________ and occurs at different times in dfferent organisms.

A

BLASTOCOEL

Cavity (-coel) of the blastula (blasto-)

287
Q

During cleavage, the individual daughter cells are called _________.

A

BLASTOMERES

288
Q

•The process of cleavage, and the structure and shape of the blastula present are closely related to the ________ of _____ present.

A

AMOUNT, YOLK

289
Q

–Cells that contain yolk are __________ to cleave than those that do not contain yolk.

A

SLOWER

290
Q

In the chick embryo, there is an ________ amount of yolk and _________ is __________.

A

EXTENSIVE

CLEAVAGE, INCOMPLETE

291
Q

The cells produced by cleavage form a ________ ________, which lies on top of the yolk.

A

GERMINAL DISK

292
Q
A
293
Q
A

2016 CVA (6 decks)

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