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Rad Phys > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Radiation

A

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)
Particle Radiation
Ionizing
Non-ionizing

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2
Q

Which type of energy is primary with the production of xrays

A

Electromagnetic energy

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3
Q

What unit is EMR energy measured in

A

Electron volts (ev)

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4
Q

What is EMR measured by frequency in

A

Hertz

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5
Q

What is EMR measured by wavelength in

A

Meters

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6
Q

Do X-ray have long or short wavelengths

A

Short

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7
Q

How fast does EMR travel at

A

Speed of light

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8
Q

What are the bundles that photons travel in

A

Photons or Quanta

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9
Q

Does intensity of EMR change the farther it travels

A

Yes

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10
Q

What determines if a wave is ionizing or non-ionizing

A

Wavelength

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11
Q

What type of radiation has a very short wavelength and high frequency

A

Ionizing

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12
Q

How are wavelength and frequency related

A

Inversly

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13
Q

X-rays and Gamma rays are examples of what type of radiation

A

Ionizing EMR

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14
Q

Can electrons be removed from Non-ionizing radiation

A

No

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15
Q

Viable light, Infrared, Radio, TV are examples of what type of radiation

A

Non-ionizing

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16
Q

What type of radiation has Long wavelength and low frequency

A

Non-ionizing

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17
Q

What type of radiation is not on the electromagnet but is ionizing

A

Particle radiation

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18
Q

what particles are produced by particle radiation

A

Alpha and beta

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19
Q

Are alpha and beta particles more or less harmful than X-rays to humans

A

More harmful

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20
Q

Radon produces what type of particle when inhaled

A

Alpha

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21
Q

Dosimetry is the measurement of

A

Radiation

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22
Q

What measures radiation

A

Dosimeter

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23
Q

What is radiation measured in

A

Roentgen

Coulombs

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24
Q

What unit is used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed

A

Rad

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25
Q

What unit of measurement is used to determine biological effects of radiation to organs and tissues

A

Rad

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26
Q

What unit of radiation is used for radiation detection in reporting exposure

A

radiation equivalent man (rem)

Sievert (Sv)

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27
Q

Workers that might be exposed to radiation ware what on them

A

Film badge

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28
Q

What does a Film badge measure radiation in

A

rem/Sv

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29
Q

What unit measures the quantity of radioactive material

A

Curie (Ci)

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30
Q

The average person gets how many mrads each year

A

360

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31
Q

Natural radiation makes up what percent of our yearly radiation exposure

A

82%

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32
Q

What are the different types of Natural radiation

A

Cosmic
Terrestrial
Internal

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33
Q

What gas is released from uranium and is part of terrestrial radiation

A

Radon

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34
Q

Radon makes up what percent of our total radiation exposure

A

55%

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35
Q

what is the natural radioactive substance in living tissues

A

Nuclides

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36
Q

What is the largest contributer to man made radiation exposure

A

X-rays

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37
Q

What are the most common types of man made radiation exposure

A

X-rays
Nuclear medicine
Consumer products (TV,Satellites)
Nuclear testing/reactors

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38
Q

Do diagnostic x-rays have enough radiation to cause acute effects

A

No

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39
Q

What is the name for exposure to the entire body

A

Whole body dose

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40
Q

What is the name for exposure to the skin

A

Skin entrance dose

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41
Q

What is the name for exposure to a specific organ

A

Organ dose

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42
Q

What is the name for exposure causing tissue damage of the exposed individual

A

Somatic dose

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43
Q

Who do you need to contact if you accidently xray a pregnant women

A

radiation physicyst

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44
Q

What is the main effect after taking 2-10 Gy of radiation (200-1000 rads)

A

Erythema

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45
Q

What type of radiation dose that can cause damage to future generation (repro damage)

A

Genetic dose

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46
Q

What are the greatest effects of Genetic dose

A

Leukemia

Mutations

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47
Q

What is the name of the effect that states probability of a harmful effect increases with an increase in dose

A

Stochastic somatic effects

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48
Q

What is Determinstic somatic

A

Known effects increase with increase in dose

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49
Q

What are the short term effects of radiation

A

Erythema
infertility
blood forming damage
cataracts

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50
Q

What is Protraction

A

If exposed at a low level continuously, effects are reduced

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51
Q

When is protraction used

A

Radiotherapy

Radioactive implants

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52
Q

What is Fractionation

A

Non continuous exposure to high doses reduces effects

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53
Q

What is radiation hormesis

A

The apparent beneficial effects of radiation

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54
Q

What is most likely to be caused by 200-1000 rads acute whole body

A

Hematological syndrome

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55
Q

What is most likely to be caused by 1000-5000 rads

A

Gastrointestinal syndrome

Death

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56
Q

What is most likely to be caused by 5000 or more rads

A

Central nervous system syndrome

Death

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57
Q

What are the stages of Acute radiation sickness

A

Prodromal stage
Latent stage
Manifest stage
Healing or death

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58
Q

What is LD 50/60

A

exposure that will kill 50% of the people in 60 days

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59
Q

What is LD 50/30

A

Exposure that will kill 50% of the people in 30 days

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60
Q

What is the LD 50/60 for humans

A

350

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61
Q

What is the LD 50/30 for humans

A

300

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62
Q

What was the first X-ray printed

A

Bertha’s Hand

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63
Q

Who discovered X-rays

A

Wilhelm conrad roentgen

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64
Q

Who was the first to use X-rays for chiropractic

A

BJ

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65
Q

What type of material absorbs X-rays

A

Dense material

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66
Q

What direction do x-rays travel in from their source

A

Diverging straight lines

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67
Q

What colour does the film turn when exposed to X-rays

A

Dark

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68
Q

Are X-rays stored in matter

A

No

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69
Q

Can X-rays be focused, reflected or refracted

A

No

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70
Q

What things are needed to produce an X-ray

A

A source of electrons

A way to accelerate them at a high speed and a hard surface to bounce them off of

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71
Q

Once X-rays are produced in the tube what do they hit next

A

A filter to remove weak electrons

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72
Q

What do we use to limit the amount of spray of electrons

A

Collimator

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73
Q

After passing through the patient what do X-rays hit next

A

A grid

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74
Q

What is the purpose of a Gird

A

remove secondary rays that out patients has produced

75
Q

What is the metal encasement around the tube

A

Tube houising

76
Q

What is the tube housing lined with

A

Led

77
Q

What is between the tube housing and the tube glass

A

Oil (keeps it cool)

78
Q

Where do x-rays exit the tube

A

Window/ port

79
Q

Radiation leakage form the tube housing should be no more than what

A

100 mr/hr @ 1 meter

80
Q

What hold the tube are in place

A

Tube arm

81
Q

What hold the tube arm

A

Tube stand

82
Q

What does the tube stand sit on and allows it to move horizontally

A

Tube track

83
Q

What holds the tube arm and stand in place

A

Automatic locks

84
Q

What contains the functional parts of the tube

A

Glass tube (glass envelope)

85
Q

What is the name of the rays that exit the window

A

Useful beam

86
Q

What is the center most ray, what direction is it compared to the patient

A

Central ray, perpendicular

87
Q

Is there in any gas in the tube

A

No

88
Q

What is the negative electrode called

A

Cathode

89
Q

What are the 2 functions of the Cathode

A

Produces electrons

Focuses electrons

90
Q

What are the two parts of the cathode

A

Filament

Focusing cup

91
Q

What is the Filament made up of

A

Tungsten

92
Q

What is it called when electrons are boiled off of tungsten

A

Thermionic Emission

93
Q

What determines the amount of electrons released by the tungsten filament

A

Current

94
Q

Most cathodes contain 2 filaments. Which filament is used to produce clearer images

A

The small filamaent

95
Q

Which filament can handle more heat

A

Large filament

96
Q

What do filaments sit in

A

Focusing cups

97
Q

What do anodes produce

A

PHotons

98
Q

What are the functions of the anode

A

Stops electrons = make xrays
Dissipates heat
Conducts electricity

99
Q

What are the 3 parts of the anode

A

Target
Stem
Rotor

100
Q

What part of the Anode emits xrays

A

Focal spot

101
Q

How can you improve the clarity of the image using the focal spot

A

Make it smaller

102
Q

What is the advantage of a large focal spot over a small spot

A

Handles heat better

103
Q

What are the two types of Focal spots

A

Actual and effective focal spot

104
Q

What focal spot is where electrons hit

A

Actual

105
Q

What focal spot is where Photons exit

A

Effective

106
Q

What is the term used to describe unclear boarders produced by xrays

A

Penumbra

107
Q

What is the term used to describe clear boarders produced by xrays

A

Umbra

108
Q

A large focal spot will produce what type of boarder

A

Penumbra

109
Q

A Small focal spot will produce what type of boarder

A

Umbra

110
Q

What type of tube has a small and large focal spot

A

Dual focus tube

111
Q

What are the two types of anodes

A

Stationary

Rotating

112
Q

When are stationary anodes used

A

Small exposures

113
Q

What is the focal sport called on a rotating anode

A

Focal tract

114
Q

What is the Line focus principal

A

Small angles = small effective focal spot

Large angle = large effective focal spot

115
Q

What is the anode heel effect

A

Xrays that exit the heel and embedded in the target this reduced bean intensity and absorbs weaker rays

116
Q

What direction should the anode and cathode be when doing full spine

A

Anode up

Cathode down

117
Q

What are the two ways Xrays are produced

A

Bremsstrahlung radiation

Characteristic radiation

118
Q

What is the Bremsstrahlung radiation effect

A

Electrons pass close to the nucleus of an atom, loss energy, the lost energy is converted into an Xray

119
Q

What makes up the majority of Xray beams

A

Bremsstrahlung radiation

120
Q

What is Characteristic radiation

A

The incoming electron hit an orbiting electron and bounces it out of orbit. Electrons in higher orbits then move to replace the knocked out on, this produces an Xray

121
Q

What is it important to filter out soft rays out before they hit the patient

A

It would increase skin and organ radiation

122
Q

What are the two types of Filtration for Xrays

A

Inherent

Added

123
Q

What is Half value layer (HVL)

A

The amount of material needed to reduce the beam intensity by 1/2

124
Q

What is the filter that is installed by the manufacturer

A

1-2mm of Aluminum

125
Q

How much filtration is required for 70-100kV

A

2.5mm of aluminum

126
Q

How much filtration is required for 125kV

A

3mm of aluminum

127
Q

What is the function of the beam limiting device

A

Restrict the beam size

128
Q

What is the beam limiting device used today called

A

Collimator

129
Q

What are the shutters of the collimator made of

A

Led

130
Q

What causes collimation cut off

A

when collimation is smaller than film size

131
Q

What is it called when collimation is too tight

A

Over collimated

132
Q

What is it called when collimation is too large

A

Under collimated

133
Q

What are the 3 types of Collimators

A

Manual
Semiautomatic
Automatic

134
Q

What types of collimators are Positive beam limitators (PBL)

A

semi and fully automatic

135
Q

What type of collimation has the operator make all the adjustments

A

Manual

136
Q

What type of Collimation tube distance must be set prior to collimation

A

Semiautomatic

137
Q

What type of collimation tube has the shutters automatically set to film size after distance is set and film holder is put into the tray

A

Automatic

138
Q

Where should compenstating filters be placed

A

Between patient and tube

139
Q

What type of filter compensates for patients varied thickness

A

Compensating filter

140
Q

What are the name of compensating filters that are placed on the front of the beam limiting device

A

Portal filters

141
Q

What are compensating filters made of

A

Aluminum

Copper

142
Q

What type of filters have a gradual taper

A

Wedge filters

143
Q

What filter is most commonly used in chiropractic

A

Nolan filter system

144
Q

What are underpart filters

A

Filtration between patient and film

145
Q

What is and about underpart filters

A

They increase patient exposure

146
Q

What is the most common form of Underpart filters

A

Split screen filters

147
Q

What can cause Tube failure

A

Too much heat from holding rotor button down

148
Q

What can excessive exposure cause or insufficient cooling

A

Anode pitting

149
Q

How can you prevent thermal shock to a tube if it hasn’t been used in a while

A

Warm up procedure

150
Q

Will a lower mA setting increase or decrease tube stress

A

Decrease tube stress

151
Q

What do transformers do in a generator

A

Change incoming current

152
Q

What does a high voltage transformer do

A

Converts volts to kilovolts

153
Q

What does a Filament circuit transformer do

A

converts amps to miliamps

154
Q

What do rectifiers do in generators

A

Convert AC to DC current

155
Q

What type of current does the tube need to produce xrays

A

DC currents

156
Q

What type of current do we get from the wall

A

AC

157
Q

What is kVp

A

Kilovolt peak (max amount of energy per peak)

158
Q

What is the difference between AC and DC current

A 
AC = sin wave
DC = Never cross 0, either only positive or negative
159
Q

What type of generators have 1 line source and have maximum ripple

A

Single phase generators

160
Q

What type of generator has 3 separate but intertwined lines that allows for more peaks and less dips

A

3 phase generators

161
Q

What type of generators have no ripple and allows more accurate + predictable output

A

High frequency generators

162
Q

What are advantages of High frequency generators

A

Fewer soft rays
Less exposure for patient
Affordable

163
Q

What controls the length of the circuit

A

Time circuit

164
Q

What is the usual exposure time

A

1/120th of a second to a few seconds

165
Q

What are the different types of timers

A

Synchronous
Electonic
mAs + automatic exposure control

166
Q

What times are more accurate and versatile

A

Electronic timers

167
Q

What are the main factors controlling X-ray exposure

A

kVp
mA
Time of exposure
Distance

168
Q

What is the distance from tube to film called

A

Source-image distance (SID)

Focal-film distance (FFD)

169
Q

What controls the quantity of xrays hitting the target

A

Distance

170
Q

WHen you increase distance what happens to the colour of the film

A

It is lighter

171
Q

What is the law that causes image size to decrease as distance increases

A

Inverse square law

172
Q

What are the two standard tube distances

A

72’

40’

173
Q

What are secondary factors that control xray exposure

A

Field size

Compensating filtration

174
Q

What must a patient do prior to being xrayed

A

Remove metal, or anything that might interfere with the xrays and create artifacts

175
Q

How can we protect the patient with xray exposure

A 
Only expose if needed
Limit exposure
Reduce retakes
Shield radio sensitive parts
don't xray a pregnant woman
Monitor all patient exposures
176
Q

What is the acronym used to keep patient dose as low as possible

A

ALARA (As low as reasonably achievable)

177
Q

What is the agency is responsible for trying to keep patient exposure to a minimum

A

NCRP (cational council on radiation protection)

178
Q

A gonadal shield on the collimator is called

A

Shadow shield

179
Q

A gonadal shield on the patient is called

A

Contact shield

180
Q

Which trimester is the fetus most radiosensitive

A

1st trimester

181
Q

What characteristic of an organism determins rediosensitivity

A

metabolic rate

182
Q

What is the name of the rule in which it is the safest to xray a female in child baring years

A

10 day rule

183
Q

What is the 10 day rule

A

It is safest to xray a female the first 10 days after menstration

184
Q

What is the most important way to protect yourself when xraying a female

A

Document that they say they are not pregnant in case they are and dont know it yet

Rad Phys (2 decks)

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