Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Types of Radiation
A
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)
Particle Radiation
Ionizing
Non-ionizing
2
Q
Which type of energy is primary with the production of xrays
A
Electromagnetic energy
3
Q
What unit is EMR energy measured in
A
Electron volts (ev)
4
Q
What is EMR measured by frequency in
A
Hertz
5
Q
What is EMR measured by wavelength in
A
Meters
6
Q
Do X-ray have long or short wavelengths
A
Short
7
Q
How fast does EMR travel at
A
Speed of light
8
Q
What are the bundles that photons travel in
A
Photons or Quanta
9
Q
Does intensity of EMR change the farther it travels
A
Yes
10
Q
What determines if a wave is ionizing or non-ionizing
A
Wavelength
11
Q
What type of radiation has a very short wavelength and high frequency
A
Ionizing
12
Q
How are wavelength and frequency related
A
Inversly
13
Q
X-rays and Gamma rays are examples of what type of radiation
A
Ionizing EMR
14
Q
Can electrons be removed from Non-ionizing radiation
A
No
15
Q
Viable light, Infrared, Radio, TV are examples of what type of radiation
A
Non-ionizing
16
Q
What type of radiation has Long wavelength and low frequency
A
Non-ionizing
17
Q
What type of radiation is not on the electromagnet but is ionizing
A
Particle radiation
18
Q
what particles are produced by particle radiation
A
Alpha and beta
19
Q
Are alpha and beta particles more or less harmful than X-rays to humans
A
More harmful
20
Q
Radon produces what type of particle when inhaled
A
Alpha
21
Q
Dosimetry is the measurement of
A
Radiation
22
Q
What measures radiation
A
Dosimeter
23
Q
What is radiation measured in
A
Roentgen
Coulombs
24
Q
What unit is used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed
A
Rad
25
What unit of measurement is used to determine biological effects of radiation to organs and tissues
Rad
26
What unit of radiation is used for radiation detection in reporting exposure
radiation equivalent man (rem)
| Sievert (Sv)
27
Workers that might be exposed to radiation ware what on them
Film badge
28
What does a Film badge measure radiation in
rem/Sv
29
What unit measures the quantity of radioactive material
Curie (Ci)
30
The average person gets how many mrads each year
360
31
Natural radiation makes up what percent of our yearly radiation exposure
82%
32
What are the different types of Natural radiation
Cosmic
Terrestrial
Internal
33
What gas is released from uranium and is part of terrestrial radiation
Radon
34
Radon makes up what percent of our total radiation exposure
55%
35
what is the natural radioactive substance in living tissues
Nuclides
36
What is the largest contributer to man made radiation exposure
X-rays
37
What are the most common types of man made radiation exposure
X-rays
Nuclear medicine
Consumer products (TV,Satellites)
Nuclear testing/reactors
38
Do diagnostic x-rays have enough radiation to cause acute effects
No
39
What is the name for exposure to the entire body
Whole body dose
40
What is the name for exposure to the skin
Skin entrance dose
41
What is the name for exposure to a specific organ
Organ dose
42
What is the name for exposure causing tissue damage of the exposed individual
Somatic dose
43
Who do you need to contact if you accidently xray a pregnant women
radiation physicyst
44
What is the main effect after taking 2-10 Gy of radiation (200-1000 rads)
Erythema
45
What type of radiation dose that can cause damage to future generation (repro damage)
Genetic dose
46
What are the greatest effects of Genetic dose
Leukemia
| Mutations
47
What is the name of the effect that states probability of a harmful effect increases with an increase in dose
Stochastic somatic effects
48
What is Determinstic somatic
Known effects increase with increase in dose
49
What are the short term effects of radiation
Erythema
infertility
blood forming damage
cataracts
50
What is Protraction
If exposed at a low level continuously, effects are reduced
51
When is protraction used
Radiotherapy
| Radioactive implants
52
What is Fractionation
Non continuous exposure to high doses reduces effects
53
What is radiation hormesis
The apparent beneficial effects of radiation
54
What is most likely to be caused by 200-1000 rads acute whole body
Hematological syndrome
55
What is most likely to be caused by 1000-5000 rads
Gastrointestinal syndrome
| Death
56
What is most likely to be caused by 5000 or more rads
Central nervous system syndrome
| Death
57
What are the stages of Acute radiation sickness
Prodromal stage
Latent stage
Manifest stage
Healing or death
58
What is LD 50/60
exposure that will kill 50% of the people in 60 days
59
What is LD 50/30
Exposure that will kill 50% of the people in 30 days
60
What is the LD 50/60 for humans
350
61
What is the LD 50/30 for humans
300
62
What was the first X-ray printed
Bertha's Hand
63
Who discovered X-rays
Wilhelm conrad roentgen
64
Who was the first to use X-rays for chiropractic
BJ
65
What type of material absorbs X-rays
Dense material
66
What direction do x-rays travel in from their source
Diverging straight lines
67
What colour does the film turn when exposed to X-rays
Dark
68
Are X-rays stored in matter
No
69
Can X-rays be focused, reflected or refracted
No
70
What things are needed to produce an X-ray
A source of electrons
| A way to accelerate them at a high speed and a hard surface to bounce them off of
71
Once X-rays are produced in the tube what do they hit next
A filter to remove weak electrons
72
What do we use to limit the amount of spray of electrons
Collimator
73
After passing through the patient what do X-rays hit next
A grid
74
What is the purpose of a Gird
remove secondary rays that out patients has produced
75
What is the metal encasement around the tube
Tube houising
76
What is the tube housing lined with
Led
77
What is between the tube housing and the tube glass
Oil (keeps it cool)
78
Where do x-rays exit the tube
Window/ port
79
Radiation leakage form the tube housing should be no more than what
100 mr/hr @ 1 meter
80
What hold the tube are in place
Tube arm
81
What hold the tube arm
Tube stand
82
What does the tube stand sit on and allows it to move horizontally
Tube track
83
What holds the tube arm and stand in place
Automatic locks
84
What contains the functional parts of the tube
Glass tube (glass envelope)
85
What is the name of the rays that exit the window
Useful beam
86
What is the center most ray, what direction is it compared to the patient
Central ray, perpendicular
87
Is there in any gas in the tube
No
88
What is the negative electrode called
Cathode
89
What are the 2 functions of the Cathode
Produces electrons
| Focuses electrons
90
What are the two parts of the cathode
Filament
| Focusing cup
91
What is the Filament made up of
Tungsten
92
What is it called when electrons are boiled off of tungsten
Thermionic Emission
93
What determines the amount of electrons released by the tungsten filament
Current
94
Most cathodes contain 2 filaments. Which filament is used to produce clearer images
The small filamaent
95
Which filament can handle more heat
Large filament
96
What do filaments sit in
Focusing cups
97
What do anodes produce
PHotons
98
What are the functions of the anode
Stops electrons = make xrays
Dissipates heat
Conducts electricity
99
What are the 3 parts of the anode
Target
Stem
Rotor
100
What part of the Anode emits xrays
Focal spot
101
How can you improve the clarity of the image using the focal spot
Make it smaller
102
What is the advantage of a large focal spot over a small spot
Handles heat better
103
What are the two types of Focal spots
Actual and effective focal spot
104
What focal spot is where electrons hit
Actual
105
What focal spot is where Photons exit
Effective
106
What is the term used to describe unclear boarders produced by xrays
Penumbra
107
What is the term used to describe clear boarders produced by xrays
Umbra
108
A large focal spot will produce what type of boarder
Penumbra
109
A Small focal spot will produce what type of boarder
Umbra
110
What type of tube has a small and large focal spot
Dual focus tube
111
What are the two types of anodes
Stationary
| Rotating
112
When are stationary anodes used
Small exposures
113
What is the focal sport called on a rotating anode
Focal tract
114
What is the Line focus principal
Small angles = small effective focal spot
Large angle = large effective focal spot
115
What is the anode heel effect
Xrays that exit the heel and embedded in the target this reduced bean intensity and absorbs weaker rays
116
What direction should the anode and cathode be when doing full spine
Anode up
| Cathode down
117
What are the two ways Xrays are produced
Bremsstrahlung radiation
| Characteristic radiation
118
What is the Bremsstrahlung radiation effect
Electrons pass close to the nucleus of an atom, loss energy, the lost energy is converted into an Xray
119
What makes up the majority of Xray beams
Bremsstrahlung radiation
120
What is Characteristic radiation
The incoming electron hit an orbiting electron and bounces it out of orbit. Electrons in higher orbits then move to replace the knocked out on, this produces an Xray
121
What is it important to filter out soft rays out before they hit the patient
It would increase skin and organ radiation
122
What are the two types of Filtration for Xrays
Inherent
| Added
123
What is Half value layer (HVL)
The amount of material needed to reduce the beam intensity by 1/2
124
What is the filter that is installed by the manufacturer
1-2mm of Aluminum
125
How much filtration is required for 70-100kV
2.5mm of aluminum
126
How much filtration is required for 125kV
3mm of aluminum
127
What is the function of the beam limiting device
Restrict the beam size
128
What is the beam limiting device used today called
Collimator
129
What are the shutters of the collimator made of
Led
130
What causes collimation cut off
when collimation is smaller than film size
131
What is it called when collimation is too tight
Over collimated
132
What is it called when collimation is too large
Under collimated
133
What are the 3 types of Collimators
Manual
Semiautomatic
Automatic
134
What types of collimators are Positive beam limitators (PBL)
semi and fully automatic
135
What type of collimation has the operator make all the adjustments
Manual
136
What type of Collimation tube distance must be set prior to collimation
Semiautomatic
137
What type of collimation tube has the shutters automatically set to film size after distance is set and film holder is put into the tray
Automatic
138
Where should compenstating filters be placed
Between patient and tube
139
What type of filter compensates for patients varied thickness
Compensating filter
140
What are the name of compensating filters that are placed on the front of the beam limiting device
Portal filters
141
What are compensating filters made of
Aluminum
| Copper
142
What type of filters have a gradual taper
Wedge filters
143
What filter is most commonly used in chiropractic
Nolan filter system
144
What are underpart filters
Filtration between patient and film
145
What is and about underpart filters
They increase patient exposure
146
What is the most common form of Underpart filters
Split screen filters
147
What can cause Tube failure
Too much heat from holding rotor button down
148
What can excessive exposure cause or insufficient cooling
Anode pitting
149
How can you prevent thermal shock to a tube if it hasn't been used in a while
Warm up procedure
150
Will a lower mA setting increase or decrease tube stress
Decrease tube stress
151
What do transformers do in a generator
Change incoming current
152
What does a high voltage transformer do
Converts volts to kilovolts
153
What does a Filament circuit transformer do
converts amps to miliamps
154
What do rectifiers do in generators
Convert AC to DC current
155
What type of current does the tube need to produce xrays
DC currents
156
What type of current do we get from the wall
AC
157
What is kVp
Kilovolt peak (max amount of energy per peak)
158
What is the difference between AC and DC current
```
AC = sin wave
DC = Never cross 0, either only positive or negative
```
159
What type of generators have 1 line source and have maximum ripple
Single phase generators
160
What type of generator has 3 separate but intertwined lines that allows for more peaks and less dips
3 phase generators
161
What type of generators have no ripple and allows more accurate + predictable output
High frequency generators
162
What are advantages of High frequency generators
Fewer soft rays
Less exposure for patient
Affordable
163
What controls the length of the circuit
Time circuit
164
What is the usual exposure time
1/120th of a second to a few seconds
165
What are the different types of timers
Synchronous
Electonic
mAs + automatic exposure control
166
What times are more accurate and versatile
Electronic timers
167
What are the main factors controlling X-ray exposure
kVp
mA
Time of exposure
Distance
168
What is the distance from tube to film called
Source-image distance (SID)
| Focal-film distance (FFD)
169
What controls the quantity of xrays hitting the target
Distance
170
WHen you increase distance what happens to the colour of the film
It is lighter
171
What is the law that causes image size to decrease as distance increases
Inverse square law
172
What are the two standard tube distances
72'
| 40'
173
What are secondary factors that control xray exposure
Field size
| Compensating filtration
174
What must a patient do prior to being xrayed
Remove metal, or anything that might interfere with the xrays and create artifacts
175
How can we protect the patient with xray exposure
```
Only expose if needed
Limit exposure
Reduce retakes
Shield radio sensitive parts
don't xray a pregnant woman
Monitor all patient exposures
```
176
What is the acronym used to keep patient dose as low as possible
ALARA (As low as reasonably achievable)
177
What is the agency is responsible for trying to keep patient exposure to a minimum
NCRP (cational council on radiation protection)
178
A gonadal shield on the collimator is called
Shadow shield
179
A gonadal shield on the patient is called
Contact shield
180
Which trimester is the fetus most radiosensitive
1st trimester
181
What characteristic of an organism determins rediosensitivity
metabolic rate
182
What is the name of the rule in which it is the safest to xray a female in child baring years
10 day rule
183
What is the 10 day rule
It is safest to xray a female the first 10 days after menstration
184
What is the most important way to protect yourself when xraying a female
Document that they say they are not pregnant in case they are and dont know it yet
