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anatomy 102 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1-L2

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2
Q

how many total pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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3
Q

how many pairs of cervical spinal nerves?

A

8

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4
Q

how many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves?

A

12

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5
Q

how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves?

A

5

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6
Q

how many pairs of sacral spinal nerves?

A

5 + 1 coccygeal nerve

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7
Q

what is gray matter composed of?

A

nerve cell bodies, dendrites, portions of unmyelinated nerve axons, neurogial cells

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8
Q

what is white matter composed of?

A

myelinated nerve cell axons, unmyelinated axons

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9
Q

filum terminale

A

long ligament extending from tip of conus medullaris, attaches to coccyx, composed of pia mater, becomes coccygeal ligament, restricts longitudinal movement of cord

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10
Q

CNS

A

composed of brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

PNS

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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12
Q

Are spinal nerves sensory, motor, or mixed?

A

mixed

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13
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

composed of pia mater, extend from lateral surface and laterally fuse with dura, restrict lateral movement of the cord

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14
Q

subarachnoid space

A

filled with CSF

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15
Q

purpose of spinal meninges

A

physical stability and shock absorption for cord and tissue

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16
Q

dura extends to

A

S2

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17
Q

dorsal or posterior ramus

A

smaller nerve branch, mixed, sensory fibers carry info from skin of back, motor fibers innervate dep muscles of back

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18
Q

anterior or ventral ramus

A

motor fibers innervate muscles of and skin of body wall, muscles and skin of upper and lower limbs

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19
Q

spinal rootlets form where?

A

subarachnoid space

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20
Q

afferent

A

carries sensory info to the CNS; sensory

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21
Q

efferent

A

carries impulses away from the CNS; motor

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22
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

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23
Q

dorsal roots

A

axons of sensory neurons, bring sensory info into spinal cord, afferent

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24
Q

ventral roots

A

contain axons of motor neurons that extend into periphery to control somatic and visceral effectors, efferent

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25
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies with a similar function, masses of gray matter

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26
Q

posterior (dorsal) gray horn

A

contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei,

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27
Q

anterior (ventral) gray horn

A

contain somatic and visceral motor nuclei

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28
Q

lateral gray horns

A

located only in thoracic and lumbar, contains visceral motor nuclei

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29
Q

gray commissure

A

contains axons that cross from one side of the cord to another

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30
Q

ascending tracts

A

carry sensory info toward brain

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31
Q

descending tracts

A

convey motor commands to spinal cord

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32
Q

layers of spinal nerves

A

(from outside) epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

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33
Q

dermatome

A

specific bilateral region of the skin surface monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves

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34
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C5, innervate muscles of neck and trunk

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35
Q

phrenic nerve

A

part of cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm

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36
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-T1, innervates pectoral girdle and upper limb

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37
Q

musculocutaneous nerve

A

motor to muscles in upper limb, flexors of arm (brachialis and biceps brachii), part of brachial plexus

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38
Q

axillary nerve

A

sensory of skin of the shoulder, deltoid and teres minor, part of brachial plexus

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39
Q

radial nerve

A

part of brachial plexus, extensors of arm and forearm

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40
Q

ulnar nerve

A

part of brachial plexus, “funny bone”, in forearm

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41
Q

median nerve

A

part of brachial plexus, compressed by carpal tunnel, begins at shoulder

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42
Q

lumbar plexus

A

T12-L4, femoral nerve innervates quads

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43
Q

sacral plexus

A

L4-S4, sciaric nerve is largest nerve in the body and braches into tibial and fibular nerve

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44
Q

divergence

A

spreading stimulation to multiple neurons or neuronal pools in the CNS

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45
Q

convergence

A

providing input to a single neuron from multiple sources

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46
Q

serial processing

A

neurons or pools work sequentially

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47
Q

parallel processing

A

neurons or pools process same info simultaneously

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48
Q

reverberation

A

positive feedback

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49
Q

reflexes

A

rapid, autonomic responses to specific stimuli

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50
Q

steps of a reflex arc

A
  • arrival of stimuli and activation of a receptor
  • activation on sensory neuron
  • information processing
  • activation of motor neuron
  • responce of peripheral effector
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51
Q

innate reflexes

A

born with it, genitically determined (ex. swallowing)

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52
Q

somatic reflexes

A

skeletal muscle contractions, most are concious

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53
Q

visceral (autonomic) reflexes

A

control actions of smooth and cardiac muscles, glands, adipose tissue

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54
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

one synapse, minimized delay

55
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

multiple synapses, longer delay between stimulus and response, usually more complex and can control several muscles

56
Q

spinal vs cranial reflexes

A

processing centers differ (spine for spinal, brain for cranial)

57
Q

stretch reflex

A

monosynaptic, provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length, patellar reflex is example

  • stimuls is increasing muscle length
  • sensory receptors are muscle spindles
  • motor response of muscle contraction of stretched muscle
58
Q

tendon reflex

A

monitors external tension during a muscle contraction and prevents tearing or breaking of the tendons. polysynaptic

59
Q

withdrawal reflex (flexor reflex)

A

move affected parts of the body away from a painful stimulus. flexor reflex contracts flexors or a limb and relaxes extensors (reciprocal inhibition)

60
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

when one set of motor neurons is stimulated, neurons that control antagonistic muscles are inhibited

61
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

withdrawal from painful stimulus on one limb while other limb extends and straightens to support body (usually lower limb), polysynaptic

62
Q

ipsilateral

A

sensory stimulus and motor response occur on same side of the body

63
Q

contralateral

A

sensory stim and motor response happen on opposite ides of the body

64
Q

characteristics of polysynaptic neurons

A
  1. pools of interneurons
  2. intersegmental in distribution
  3. reciprocal inhibition
  4. reverberating circuits
  5. several reflexes may combine into one
65
Q

diencephalon

A

composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus

66
Q

cerebrum

A

conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, conscious and subconscious control of skeletal muscle

67
Q

thalamus

A

relay and processing centers for sensory info

68
Q

hypothalamus

A

emotion, autonomic functions, hormone production, coordination of nervous and endocrine activities, subconscious skeletal muscle contractions, circadian rhythms, body temp

69
Q

midbrain

A

processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses, maintenance of consciousness

70
Q

pons

A

relay sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus, subconscious visceral and somatic motor centers, modify respiration centers in medulla

71
Q

medulla oblongata

A

relay sensory info to thalamus and other portions of the brain stem, autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function, attachment of 5 cranial nerves

72
Q

what is the brain stem composed of?

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

73
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates complex somatic motor patterns, adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

74
Q

septum pellucidum

A

membrane separating the 2 lateral ventricles

75
Q

interventricular foramen

A

small connection between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle

76
Q

cerebral aquaduct

A

connects third ventricle with fourth ventricle

77
Q

where is CSF located?

A

subarachnoid space

78
Q

falx cerebri

A

projection of dura into the longitudinal fissure

79
Q

tentorium cerebri

A

separates cerebellum from cerebrum

80
Q

functions of CSF

A
  1. cushioning delicate neural structures
  2. supporting the brain
  3. transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products
81
Q

how is CSF formed?

A

choroid plexus turns blood plasma into CSF

82
Q

how does CSF reach subarachnoid space?

A

through 2 lateral apertures and a median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle.

83
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

CSF is absorbed into venous circulation

84
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

formed by capillary epithelial cells that are connected by tight junctions, only lipid soluble solutions (gases, alcohol) can diffuse into barrier, astrocytes control permeability

85
Q

superior colliculi

A

reflex movements of the eye, head, neck in response to visual stimuli

86
Q

inferior colliculi

A

reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli

87
Q

substantia nigra

A

darkly pigmented nucleus, controls movements, damage results in parkinson’s disease, secretes dopamine

88
Q

pineal glan

A

secretes melatonin, important in the sleep-wake cycle and reproduction

89
Q

basal ganglia

A

produce pattern of movement

90
Q

association fibers

A

interconnect areas of cerebral cortex within a single cerebral hemisphere

91
Q

arcuate fibers

A

type of association fiber, connect one gyrus to another, short

92
Q

longitudinal fasciculi

A

connect frontal lobe to other lobes of the same hemisphere , longer bundles

93
Q

commissural fibers

A

interconnect and permit communication between cerebral hemispheres, prominent at corpus callosum and anterior commissure

94
Q

projection fibers

A

link the cerebral cortex to diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. must pass through diencephalon

95
Q

internal capsule

A

entire collection of ascending and descending projection fibers, often involved in strokes

96
Q

functions of basal nuclei

A

subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and coordination of learned movements

97
Q

precentral gyrus

A

anterior border of central sulcus, contains primary motor cortex

98
Q

primary motor cortex

A

direct voluntary movements by controlling somatic motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord

99
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

posterior border of central sulcus, contains primary sensory cortex

100
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

recieve somatic sensory info for touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, or temp.

101
Q

visual cortex

A

in occipital lobe, receives visual info

102
Q

auditory and olfactory cortex

A

in temporal lobe, receives hearing and smell info

103
Q

gustatory cortex

A

receives info from tongue and pharynx

104
Q

somatic sensory association area

A

monitors activity in primary sensory cortex

105
Q

visual association area

A

monitors patterns of activity in visual cortex and interprets the results

106
Q

auditory association area

A

monitors sensory activity in auditory cortex, word recognition

107
Q

premotor cortex or somatic motor association area

A

responsible for coordination of larned movements, includes frontal eye field

108
Q

integrative centers

A

areas that receive info from many association areas and direct very complex motor activities and analytical funtions

109
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

in frontal lobe, integrates sensory info, perform abstract intellectual functions, feelings and consequences

110
Q

general interpretive area

A

wernicke’s area, receives info from all sensory association areas, present in one hemisphere, plays role in personality and coordinating access to visual or auditory memories

111
Q

speech area

A

broca’s area, regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization needed for normal speech

112
Q

left hemisphere of the cerebrum

A

reading, writing, speaking, analytic tasks, and logical decision making

113
Q

right hemisphere of the cerebrum

A

relates the body to sensory info, recognizing and associating senses and emotions

114
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

N I, sensory only, only cranial nerve attached to the cerebrum, responsible for the sense of smell

115
Q

optic nerve

A

N II, sensory, carry visual info to eye and allow vison

116
Q

occulomotor nerve

A

N III, motor, innervates 4 of the 6 muscles of the eye and levatator palpebrae superioris,

117
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

bundles of axons that bring info in from spinal cord. inferior-from spinal cord/ middle- from pons/ superior- cerebellum to thalamus

118
Q

trochlear nerve

A

N IV, motor, innervates the superior oblique

119
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

N V, mixed, three branches

120
Q

opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

A

sensory to cornea, skin of forehead, eyebrow.

121
Q

maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

A

sensory to lower eye, upper lip, cheek, upper teeth and hard palate.

122
Q

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

A

mixed; sensory to lower teeth and lip, anterior 2/3 of tongue, palate. motor to muscles of mastification

123
Q

abducens nerve

A

N VI, motor, innervate lateral rectus muscles

124
Q

facial nerve

A

N VII, mixed. sensory taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue and salivary glands. motor to muscles of mastification and facial expression

125
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

N VIII, sensory, balance and equilibrium (vestibular branch) and sense of hearing (cochlear branch)

126
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

N IX, mixed. sensory to posterior one thirs of tongue, pharynx and palate, carotid arteries of neck. motor to muscles for swallowing. innervates parotid salivary glands and is responsible for the gaga reflex

127
Q

vagus nerve

A

N X, mixed. sensory to pharynx, visceral organ in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity (respiratory, cardiac, mucous glands in respiratory). motor to muscles of gag reflex and swallowing (soft palate) and the vocal cords.

128
Q

accessory nerve

A

N XI, motor, innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, voluntary swallowing muscles

129
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

N XII, motor to muscles that move the tongue

130
Q

mnemonic for the cranial nerves

A

Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch A Female’s Vagina Gives Vinny A Hard-on

131
Q

mnemonic for classification of cranial nerves

A

Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most

132
Q

subdural hematoma

A

ruptured venous channels

133
Q

ependymal cells

A

produce, circulate, and monitor csf

134
Q

astrocytes

A

maintain BBB

anatomy 102 (3 decks)

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