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Cell Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which stem cell is able to differentiate into all cell types of the body except for supporting cell types?

A

Pluripotent stem cells - found in early embroys

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2
Q

Describe plasticity

A

The ability to differentiate into many specialized cells

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3
Q

Name the 4 types of stem cells

A

Totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent

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4
Q

Which stem cell can give rise to a small number of different cell types?

A

Multipotent cells

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5
Q

What are the main types of multipotent stem cells?

A

Skin, epithelial, neural, hematopoietic, mesenchymal

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6
Q

Where are mesenchymal stem cells located and what type of stem cell are they?

A

Located in: bone marrow, nervous system, adipose tissue, skin, muscle
Type of stem cell: Multipotent

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7
Q

What will lead to cancer after dysregulation?

A

Asymmetric cell division

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8
Q

How does asymmetric cell division differ from symmetric cell division?

A

Asymmetric results in 1 stem cell + 1 differentiated cell

Symmetric results in 2 stem cells or 2 differentiated cells

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9
Q

Stem cell division leads to what kind of cell?

A

Daughter cell

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10
Q

What is the microenvironment that controls stem cell renewal?

A

Stem cell niche

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11
Q

Stem cells directly contacting the ECM are preserved by what process?

A

Extrinsic Signaling

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12
Q

Stem cells outside of direct contact will differentiate by what process?

A

Extrinsic Signaling

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13
Q

What is the process called that reprograms adult cells into pluripotent stem cells via gene encoding?

A

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)

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14
Q

What substance joins actin bundles between cells?

A

Adherens

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15
Q

What are the 3 binding domains of laminin?

A

Cell, Collagen, Proteoglycans

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16
Q

Which type of junction prevents leakage between cells?

A

Tight juntions

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17
Q

What is a GAG and where are they found?

A

Repeating disaccharides of acidic sugar & amino sugar; highly negative
Found in the ground substance

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18
Q

Which type of protein can be described as ‘rubber-like’?

A

Elastin

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19
Q

What anchors filaments to the basement membrane (basal lamina)

A

hemidesmosomes

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20
Q

What anchors filaments between cells?

A

desmosomes

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21
Q

What leads to improper functioning of the immune system?

A

Too little cell adhesion

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22
Q

Too little cell adhesion means that

A

the immune system functions improperly

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23
Q

How can we describe a phospholipid head?

A

hydrophilic

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24
Q

How can we describe a transmembrane protein?

A

Amphipathic (hydrophilic out, hydrophobic in)

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25
Q

What do we call a molecule that contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts?

A

Amphipathic (e.g. cholesterol)

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26
Q

What are cholesterol-rich microdomains that appear to be floating in fluid?

A

Lipid rafts

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27
Q

What are the functions of lipid rafts?

A

cholesterol transport, endocytosis, signal transduction

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28
Q

What are calveolae?

A

A type of lipid raft containing the protein calveolin

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29
Q

What is the composition of the fluid mosaic model?

A

Phospholipids & proteins

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30
Q

What type of motions can a phospholipid membrane make?

A

Lateral, rotation, flexion

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31
Q

What is highly concentrated in the myelin sheath of cells? This substance is also present in all animal cell plasma membranes.

A

Sphingomyelin

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32
Q

What is the composition of a phospholipid?

A

Fatty acids (hydrophilic) and a variable polar head group (hydrophobic)

33
Q

What are the three phospholipids with nitrogen?

A

(Phosphatidyl)Choline, serine, ethanolamine

34
Q

Which phospholipids lack nitrogen?

A

Glycerol, Inositol

35
Q

Which protein doesn’t extend through the lipid bilayer?

A

Lipid-anchored proteins

36
Q

What are the two types of cytosol of actin-binding proteins?

A

Gel- firm/more solid, longer F-actin

Sol - soluble/more liquid, depolymerized F-actin

37
Q

What is a linear chain of heterodimers called?

A

Protofilaments (part of the structure of microtubules)

38
Q

What contains a GTP cap?

A

Heterodimers

GTP cap = where new dimers are added

39
Q

What is required for movement of chromosomes during division?

A

Microtubules

40
Q

Microtubules are regulated by…?

A

centrosomes

41
Q

The synthesis of ___ requires GTP

A

microtubules

42
Q

Microtubules are required for what kind of transport?

A

Intercellular

43
Q

What type of intermediate fiber is found in neurons?

A

Type IV

44
Q

What intermediate filament structure does not require energy?

A

Tetramers

45
Q

How many tetramers make up 1 intermediate filament?

A

8 tetramers

46
Q

When G-actin monomers are added to the + end at the same rate as other G-actin is removed from the - end, that is called…

A

treadmilling

47
Q

Treadmilling is the steady state of what type of microfilament synthesis?

A

F-actin

48
Q

How many types of actin are found in non-muscle cells

A

2

49
Q

What are the functions/nuclear functions of actin in non-muscle cells?

A

contraction & polymerization

nuclear: structure & gene transcription

50
Q

What are the three roles of actin contraction in non-muscle cells?

A

cell movement
cell division
structural support

51
Q

What prevents polymerization by binding G-actin monomers?

A

Profilin

52
Q

What structure is the “Fed Ex” of the cell?

A

Golgi Complex

53
Q

What is made in the golgi complex?

A

lysosomes

54
Q

What are the three areas of the golgi complex?

A

Cis - faces RER, accepts protein
Medial - adds carbs, lipids, etc here
Trans - closest to plasma membrane, sorts/packages protein into vesicles

55
Q

What part of the golgi complex sorts/packages protein into vesicles?

A

Trans

56
Q

Within the lysosome, what is used to digest proteins, carbs, & lipids?

A

Acid Hydrolase

57
Q

What is the difference between TEM/SEM magnification?

A 
TEM = flat image, interior of cell
SEM = 3D image, exterior of cell
58
Q

True or False: Prokaryotes do not contain mitochondria.

A

True

59
Q

True or False: Membrane-bound organelles are found in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

False

60
Q

What causes the death and breakdown of a host cell (lysis)?

A

Viral replication

61
Q

Lysis can be broken down into 5 steps:

A 
Attachment
Entry
Synthesis
Assembly
Release
62
Q

When does a virus shed its capsid?

A

Once the virus is inside the host

63
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein coat of a virus

64
Q

Where are peptidoglyans located on bacteria?

A

The cell walls

65
Q

What are the two types of peptidoglyans?

A

Gram (+) and Gram (-)

66
Q

The thick, ‘purple’ cell walls on bacteria are…?

A

Gram (+)

67
Q

The thin, ‘red’ cell walls on bacteria are…

A

Gram (-)

68
Q

How is the viral envelope different from the capsid?

A

Viral envelope is acquired from the host cell during replication; the capsid is the protein coat of a virion

69
Q

What is chemically modified during transport?

A

An active process called group translocation

70
Q

What is acquired from the host cell during replication?

A

Viral envelope

71
Q

What is the extracellular state of a virus called?

A

Virion

72
Q

What is the function of the virion capsid?

A

Provides protection & means of attachment

73
Q

In addition to a capsid, a virion can also have a…

A

phospholipid envelope which encloses the capsid/nucleocapsid

74
Q

When is the intracellular state of a virus revealed?

A

Once the virus is inside of the host cell

75
Q

Give two examples of where proteoglycans can be found

A

synovial fluid & mucous

76
Q

When does microtubule disassembly occur?

A

When dimer addition slows & GTP cap is lost

77
Q

What does the loss of the GTP cap prevent?

A

Prevents new dimers from binding (in microtubules); “banana peel effect”

78
Q

What are the three steps of F-actin microfilament synthesis

A

Lag
Polymerization
Steady state —> treadmilling

Cell Physiology (2 decks)

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