Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the number one cause of death?
A
cardiovascular disease
2
Q
What is the major underlying cause of cardiovascular disease?
A
ischemia
3
Q
This is the underlying cause of cardiovascular ischemia.
A
atherosclerosis
4
Q
This is the term for a traveling thrombus.
A
embolism
5
Q
This is the term for a blood clot.
A
thrombus
6
Q
This is formed by a platelet plug.
A
white thrombus
7
Q
This is formed by fibrinogen or fibrin.
A
red thrombus
8
Q
Along with atherosclerosis, this can also cause cardiovascular ischemis.
A
artery spasm
9
Q
Abundant data links high blood cholesterol to _____________.
A
atherogenesis
10
Q
Inflammatory mechanisms couple dyslipidemia to _________ formation.
A
atheroma
11
Q
leukocyte recruitment and expression of pro inflammatory cytokines characterize early ___________.
A
atherogenesis
12
Q
__________ pathways promote thrombosis.
A
inflammatory
13
Q
__________ is responsible for MI and most strokes.
A
thrombosis
14
Q
The _________ system can modulate inflammation.
A
nervous
15
Q
_________ of the vagus nerve can inactivate TNF and cytokines.
A
stimulation
16
Q
This is the most important example of special connective tissue.
A
blood cells
17
Q
This is the prevention of blood loss.
A
hemostasis
18
Q
Vascular _________ is associated with trauma.
A
constriction
19
Q
Vascular constriction is associated with __________.
A
trauma
20
Q
Platelets function as _______ cells.
A
whole
21
Q
Platelets function as whole cells but CANNOT _________.
A
divide
22
Q
What cells contain actin & myosin, enzymes & calcium, ADP & ATP, Thromboxane A2, serotonin, and growth factor?
A
platelets
23
Q
Platelets cell membranes contain _________ that avoid the normal endothelium but adhere to damaged area.
A
glycoproteins
24
Q
Phospholipids in the cell membrane of platelets contain this.
A
platelet factor 3 (thromboplastin)
25
This is the function of platelet factor 3 (thromboplastin).
initiates clotting
26
Irregular-shaped platelets are in the ______ form.
activated
27
Round, smooth platelets are in the ________ form.
inactivated
28
Vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug, blood coagulation, and fibrous tissue growth to seal are all mechanisms of _________.
hemostasis
29
Spasm is proportional to _________.
trauma
30
During platelet activation, contractile proteins contract causing ________ release.
granule
31
These are secreted in platelet activation.
ADP, Thromboxane A2 and serotonin
32
If Thromboxane A2 is blocked, can platelets be activated?
yes
33
This potentiates the release of granule contents (but is not essential for release to occur).
thromboxane A2
34
Thromboxane A2 is a vaso_________.
constrictor
35
Platelets are important in _______ ruptures.
minute
36
Lack of _______ is associated with small hemorrhagic areas under the skin and throughout internal tissues.
platelets
37
Platelets have a half-life of ______ days.
8-12
38
Platelets are eliminated primarily by ________ action.
macrophage
39
Greater than 1/2 of all macrophages are located in this organ.
spleen
40
This prevents platelet aggregation.
endothelium
41
Endothelium produces this.
PGI2 (prostacyclin)
42
PGI2 (prostacyclin) is a vaso________.
dilator
43
PGI2 (prostacyclin) stimulates platelet adenyl cyclase which ________ release of granules.
suppresses
44
Endothelium produces this factor for clotting.
8 (VIII)
45
These block both thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin production by blocking fatty acid cyclooxygenase which converts arachidonic acid to PGG2 and PGH2.
aspirin and ibuprofen
46
Why take aspirin to prevent heart attacks?
inhibit platelet activation
47
This converts arachidonic acid to PGG2 and PGH2.
fatty acid cyclooxygenase
48
Blocking fatty acid cyclooxygenase blocks the production of these molecules.
thromboxane a2 and prostacyclin
49
These prevent clots form forming.
anticoagulants
50
Chelators, heparin and dicumarol are all types of __________.
anticoagulants
51
This type of anticoagulant ties up calcium (citrate, oxylate).
chelators
52
Chelators tye up _______.
calcium (citrate, oxylate)
53
This anticoagulant complexes with Antithrombin III.
heparin
54
This complexes with heparin.
antithrombin III
55
Dicumarol causes inhibition of _______ dependent factors.
vitamin K
56
This is the dissolving of clots that have already formed.
lysis
57
This performs lysis of clots.
Plasmin
58
This is the inactive form of plasmin which circulates in the blood.
plasminogen
59
These are the factors inhibited by dicumarol.
2, 7, 9, 10
60
These are other names for dicumarol.
cumadin, warfarin
61
These cells synthesize factors 2, 7, 9, and 10.
hepatocytes
62
These CANNOT dissolve already existing clots.
anticoagulants
63
________ activators of plasminogen are found in the tissues, plasma and urine.
endogenous
64
Endogenous activators of plasminogen are found in these locations.
tissues, plasma, urine
65
_________ Activators of plasminogen are found in streptokinase, tPA (tissue plasminogen activator).
exogenous
66
There is a ____ hour window associated with tPA for MI and stroke.
3
67
Clots may be _______ by the proteolytic enzyme plasmin.
liquefied (fibrinolysis)
68
This is a proteolytic enzyme that liquefies clots (performs fibrinolysis).
plasmin
69
What form of plasmin circulates in the blood?
plasminogen
70
Most of the frank tissue damage associated with infarction occurs upon _________.
reperfusion
71
This type of injury is associated with the formation of highly reactive oxygen species with unpaired electrons = free radicals.
reperfusion
72
Highly reactive oxygen species with unpaired electrons are called:
free radicals
73
When pressure on tissues is relieved and again perfused with blood, these are generated.
free radicals
74
This is an antioxidant that prevents reperfusion damage.
glutathione
75
This is the ability to open up alternate routes of blood flow to compensate for a blocked vessel.
collateralization
76
Angiogenesis, vasodilation, and the role of the SNS are all involved in:
collateralization
77
The SNS may ________ collateralization via vasoconstriction.
impede
78
The SNS may augment collateralization via the release of _____.
NPY
79
The _______ mechanism of thrombosis is initiated by chemical factors released by damaged tissues.
extrinsic
80
The _______ mechanism of thrombosis requires only components in blood and trauma to blood or exposure to collagen.
intrinsic
81
This method of thrombosis does not need to be triggered by anything.
intrinsic
82
The liver synthesizes ___ clotting factors.
5
83
These are the clotting factors the liver synthesizes.
1, 2, 7, 9, 10
84
This depresses liver formation of II, VII, IX, and X factors by blocking action of vitamin K.
coumarin (warfarin or cumadin)
85
This is the only liver factor NOT depressed by coumarin (blocking action of vitamin k).
1 (I)
86
This is a clotting disorder that is sex linked on the X chromosome, affecting almost males exclusively.
hemophilia
87
85% of cases of hemophilia have a defect in this factor.
8 (VIII)
88
15% of cases of hemophilia have a defect in this factor.
9 (IX)
89
This is required for blood to clot.
calcium
90
The key step in clotting is the conversion of:
fibrinogen to fibrin
91
This is required for the key step in clotting and the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
thrombin
92
This is an autoimmune disorder where the body makes antibodies against phospholipids in cell membranes.
antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS)
93
In Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), these are formed.
abnormal clots
94
This is an amino acid in the blood that may irritate blood vessels promoting atherosclerosis.
homocysteine
95
Homocysteine can also cause cholesterol to change into oxidized:
LDL
96
Homocysteine makes the blood _____ likely to clot.
more
97
High levels of homocysteine in the blood can be _______ by increasing intake of folic acid, B6 and B12.
reduced
98
This is the main ion involved in depolarization.
sodium
99
Heart muscle usually contains 1-2 ________ located nuclei.
centrally
100
This is the natural pacemaker of the heart.
SA node
101
Specialized excitatory and conductive muscle fibers (SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers) contract _______ and have _____ fibrils.
weakly, few
102
This is the term for many acting as one.
syncytium
103
Syncytium is achieved due to the presence of these.
intercalated discs
104
Intercalated discs have these to connect cardiac cells end to end.
gap junctions
105
Duration of an action potential is _______ sec.
.2-.3
106
Sodium channels are _______.
fast
107
Ca++/Na+ channels are ________.
slow
108
_________ has a sharp increase in permeability at the onset of depolarization.
sodium
109
_______ permeability is increased during the plateau.
calcium
110
_______ is increased during the resting polarized state.
potassium
111
Ion flux is equal to:
current flow
112
In excitable tissue, an action potential is a pulse-like change in ________ _________.
membrane permeability
113
Typical cardiac muscle have both fast Na+ channels and slow Ca__/Na+ channels that open during ____________.
depolarization
114
In specialized excitatory cells like the SA node, only _______ channels are operational during depolarization, increasing depolarization time.
slow
115
This blocks fast Na+ channels, selectively changing a fast response into a slow response.
tetradotoxin
