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DI > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 body planes.

A
  1. Mid-sagittal plane
  2. Mid-coronal plane
  3. Horizontal (transverse)
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2
Q

Mid-sagittal plane divides…

A

right and left

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3
Q

Mid-coronal divides…

A

anterior and posterior

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4
Q

Horizontal divides…

A

superior and inferior

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5
Q

Position defined

A

side of body nearest film

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6
Q

Position should be marked…

examples

A

RAO (right arm oblique) or LAO etc

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7
Q

Projection defined

A

Path of the x-ray beam

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8
Q

Projection should be marked…

examples

A

AP
PA
Oblique

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9
Q

List 3 body substances that appear on an x-ray from least dense to most dense

A
  1. Air
  2. Bone
  3. Metal
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10
Q

How does air appear on an x-ray

A

Dark, least attenuated

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11
Q

How does bone appear on an x-ray

A

Lighter, very attenuated

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12
Q

How does metal appear on an x-ray

A

White, greatest attenuation

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13
Q

What is attenuation?

A

a quantity that characterizes how easily a material or medium can be penetrated by a beam of light, sound, particles, or other energy or matter

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14
Q

A disease process may affect the way the tissue attenuates x-rays. Which 2 types of pathologies will affect attenuation?

A

Additive condition

Destructive condition

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15
Q

What kind of lesion is an additive condition and how does an additive condition affect attenuation?

A

Blastic

Increased attenuation

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16
Q

What kind of lesion is an destructive condition and how does an destructive condition affect attenuation?

A

Lytic

Decreased attenuation

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17
Q

How are attenuation and blackness related?

A

Less attenuation= greater radiographic blackness

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18
Q

What controls attenuation?

A

mAs- milliamps x seconds

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19
Q

Least attenuated can be described as…

A

radiolucent

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20
Q

Greatest attenuation can be described as…

A

radiopaque

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21
Q

Muscle and water appear_____________ on an x-ray? (attenuation)

A

moderately

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22
Q

What is radiographic density?

A

radiographic blackness=amount of blackness on film

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23
Q

What x-ray factors control radiographic density?

A

mAs milliamps x seconds

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24
Q

When you double mAs and leave everything else, what happens to your film and how is your pt affected?

A

Radiographic blackness and patient exposure is doubled

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25
Q

When you ½ mAs and leave everything else, what happens to your film and how is your pt affected?

A

Radiographic blackness and pt exposure is halved

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26
Q

mAs is ________________ of quantity of ______, __________, and is directly related to______________.

A
  1. primary controller
  2. x-ray
  3. radiographic x-ray
  4. patient exposure
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27
Q

Does more or less mAs have motion blur?

A

Greater mAs has less blur

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28
Q

Which will give greater density 100 mA at 1 second or 200 mA at ½ second?

A

They are the same

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29
Q

What is the minimum change that can be made to mAs in order to see a visible change in radiographic density?

A

25-30% mAs is necessary for visible change in blackness

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30
Q

Radiographic contrast defined

A

variety of gray shades from darkest to lightest

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31
Q

Higher kVp lowers dosage and (decreased or increased) mAs

A

decreased

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32
Q

What is radiographic contrast controlled by?

A

kVp (kilovoltage peak)

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33
Q

What does kVp control?

A

Penetration

34
Q

What does improving contrast indicate?

A

Increasing the number of shades of gray

35
Q

What is the function of grids?

A

They improve contrast by reducing radiation fog–absorb and scatter radiation as they exit a persons body

36
Q

Beam restriction…. (3 things)

A
  1. reduces scatter
  2. improves image quality
  3. greatly reduces patient exposure
37
Q

Should be always be restricted?

A

YES!

38
Q

Is scatter good or bad?

A

Bad

39
Q

Scatter is dependent on _________, __________________, and _________________.

A
  1. kVP
  2. Amount of irradiated tissue
  3. Type of of irradiated tissue (soft tissue scatters more than bone)
40
Q

What is the purpose of a radiographic grid?

A

Absorb scatter as it exits the pts body

41
Q

Where is the radiographic grid placed?

A

Between the patient and the film

42
Q

What is the visible affect of using the grid? (2)

A

reduces radiation fog and improves contrast

43
Q

When should the radiographic grid be used? (2)

A
  1. Larger body parts

2. Higher kPv

44
Q

What are 2 types of shape distortion?

A

Elongation and Foreshortening

45
Q

When does elongation occur?

A

when tube or film is improperly aligned

46
Q

When does foreshortening occur?

A

when body is improperly aligned with film

47
Q

What is the only type of size distortion?

A

Magnification

OBJECTS CANNOT BE MINIMIZED

48
Q

What does magnification result from?

A

OID object image distance

49
Q

What can compensate for magnification?

A

SID source to image receptor distance

50
Q

What affects radiation (4 things)

A
  1. Age
  2. Differentiation
  3. Mitotic Rate
  4. Metabolic Rate
51
Q

Age affects amount of radiation because…

A

young cells are more sensitive

52
Q

Differentiation affects amount of radiation because…

A

simple cells are more sensitive

53
Q

Mitotic rate affects amount of radiation because…

A

Rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive

54
Q

Metabolic rate affects amount of radiation because…

A

using energy rapidly increase sensitivity

55
Q

Which cells have highest sensitivity? (4)

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Gonadal
  3. Eye lenses
  4. GI
56
Q

What cells have lowest sensitivity? (3)

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Nerve
  3. Chondrocyte
57
Q

ROENTGEN

A

R Symbolizes amount of ionization produced by a specific amount of radiation in air only

58
Q

What does RAD stand for?

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose

59
Q

RAD defined

A

Measurement of energy absorbed and can be applied to any absorbing material

60
Q

What does REM stand for?

A

Radiation Equivalent in Man

61
Q

REM defined

A

Measurement of biological change; this is the reading on monitoring devices

62
Q

REM SI equivalent

A

sievert 1 REM = 10 mSv

63
Q

Which is more dangerous, having a chest x-ray or being an unmarried male who eats twinkles and soda while driving his ford

A

Being unmarried

64
Q

Which joint spaces are seen well on routine shoulder views? (4)

A

Proximal humorous, scapula, clavicle; acromion clearance

65
Q

Which joint spaces are not seen well on routine shoulder views? (3) and what view would make them viewable?

A

Glenohumeral joint- Grashy view
AC joint- axial projection
scapulothoracic- scapular “Y” view

66
Q

Order a PA chest exam to see…(5 things)

A
  1. lung fields
  2. heart
  3. great vessels
  4. ribs
  5. soft tissues
67
Q

Order a lateral chest exam to see… (6)

A
  1. reduce cardiac magnification
  2. localize mediastinum and lesions
  3. lungs fields
  4. heart
  5. great vessels
  6. ribs
68
Q

When to order a thoracic spine exam

A
  1. (AP) suspect spine lesions
69
Q

What will be overexposed in a thoracic spine exam?

A

ribs and lungs

70
Q

What do you want to see when you order a rib exam?

A

body structures and rib fractures

71
Q

Why include an upright chest film with a rib study?

A

To determine underlying lung/soft tissue injury

72
Q

What is the scaphoid view?

A

Ulnar flexion during PA hand projection

73
Q

Which side of the wrist is the scaphoid on?

A

radial

74
Q

How to image lumbar spine instability?

A

Flexion and extension views—lateral

75
Q

What is a pars interarticularis fracture?

A

fracture of bone between pedicle and lamina

76
Q

What condition might pars interarticularis result in?

A

spondylolysis

77
Q

In addition to the routine three-view, which cervical spine views are indicated when radicular symptoms are noted?

A

Oblique view to visualize intervertebral foramina

78
Q

What are the three views in a routine 3 view?

A

AP
AP open mouth
lateral

79
Q

What is the best view for the sacroiliac joints and lumbosacral area?

A

AP spot view 25-30 degrees

80
Q

A common fracture sight in cases of inversion ankle sprain is the base of 5th metatarsal. Which additional views demonstrate this area?

A

Minimum series:

  1. AP dorsoplanter projection
  2. Med oblique
  3. lateral
81
Q

Fracture of 5th metatarsal is called… (2)

A

Dancer’s fracture

Jone’s fracture

82
Q

What study demonstrate pneumoperitoneum and/or bowel obstruction?

A

Acute abdomen series-

  • -Supine (AP)- AKA KUB, Scout film; overview (bowel obstruction
  • -Upright chest–captures free air between liver and diaphragm, lung base pathology
  • -Decubitus, esp. if patient can’t stand

DI (1 decks)

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