Exam 1 Flashcards
what are the 5 tissue densities on an x-ray?
From dark to light: Air Fat Soft tissue Bone Metal
CT scan v MRI
* ct x rays blood fast use for stroke if negative could be ischemic *MRI radiation spinning electrons
dexa scan
bone density
shows: thin bones –> easy fracture
why would you choose a bone scan over an x-ray?
it shows inflammation from fracture, infection, and
cancer
DDx
list of conditions you think would most likely be causing problems
ordered from most to least likely
what is a growth plate fracture called?
salter-harris fracture
what is a growth plate called?
epiphyseal plate–kids; epiphyseal line–adults
what is adhesive capsulitis?
a condition of uncertain etiology characterized by significant restriction of both active & passive shoulder motion that occurs in the absence of a known intrinsic shoulder disorder
capsule becomes inflamed
worse at night
3 phases
pain
stiffness + partially/completely unmoveable
resolves on its own after ~2 years
what motion is most severely limited in adhesive capsulitis?
external rotation
what comorbidity is most associated with adhesive capsulitis?
diabetes
pre-diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance
what is tos and what causes it?
caused by compression of neurovascular structures passing thru one of the spaces in the thoracic outlet
where are the places the neuromuscular structures involved in TOS be impinged?
- interscalene triangle–bordered by anterior scalene muscle anteriorly, middle scalene muscle posteriorly, and the *subcoracoid space/subpectoralis minor space–beneath the coracoid process and just under the minor tendon
- costoclavicular triangle–middle third of clavicle anteriorly, first rib posteromedially, and upper border of scapula posterolaterally
- cervical rib
TOS is diagnosed with what tests?
- physical exam–ADSON & Allen Test
- imaging studies:
x ray
ultrasound
venogram
artereorgram
what is CRPS and why was it previously called RSD?
2 types
1 – no specific nerve injury (RSD)
2 – Causalgia obvious nerve damage
OR Warm (acute–swelling) v. Cold (chronic)
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic progressive disease characterized by severe pain, swelling and changes in the skin. [1]
It often affects an arm or a leg and may spread to another part of the body.
The pain of CRPS is continuous, and it is widely believed it can be heightened by emotional or physical stress.
Though treatment is often unsatisfactory, early multimodal therapy can cause dramatic improvement or remission of the syndrome in some patients.
unknown etiology of causation but some associated diseases
RSD generic term used to describe post-traumatic pain
us. regarded as a type of sympathetic overactivity and this injury was thought of as a reflex sympathetic disease
allodynia
perception of pain from a non-painful stimulus
elicited by a doctor
