Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Analytical Process Step 1
A
Identify and state the problem
2
Q
Analytical Process Step 2
A
select procedures
3
Q
Analytical Process Step 3
A
obtain the sample
4
Q
Analytical Process Step 4
A
prepare the sample
5
Q
Analytical Process Step 5
A
analyze the sample
6
Q
Analytical Process Step 6
A
interpret and report results
7
Q
Analytical Process Step 7
A
make conclusions
8
Q
Qualitative Analysis
A
what is in the sample?
9
Q
Quantitative Analysis
A
how much is in the sample?
10
Q
Chemical Identification
A
unknown chemical in sample
11
Q
Structural Analysis
A
mass, composition, structure, or analyte
12
Q
Property Characterization
A
chem/physical properties of analyte
13
Q
Spatial Analysis
A
distribution of analyte through sample
14
Q
Time-dependent
A
change of analyte or property over time
15
Q
Standard Operating Procedure
A
quality assurance, control experiments, set of guidelines everyone follows
16
Q
distilled
A
boiled, removes particulates, dissolved solids, microorganisms and pyrogens
17
Q
deionized
A
remove ions, dissolved gases
18
Q
readability
A
smallest division weight
19
Q
resolution
A
capacity/ readability, should be high
20
Q
macroanalytical balance
A
0.0001
21
Q
semimicrobalance
A
0.00001
22
Q
microbalance
A
0.000001
23
Q
ultramicrobalance
A
0.0000001
24
Q
industrial precision scale
A
0.0001-0.1 kg
25
precision balance
0.001-1 g
26
weigh by difference
take out of container on balance, avoids oil
27
correction for buoyancy
Mobj= Mdisp x (1-(Dair/Dref))/(1-(Dair/Dobj))
28
Class A glassware
pyrex, borosilicate, Kimax glass, best tolerance, but expensive
29
Class B glassware
Borosilicate glass, plastics, tolerance has more error, less expensive, used for metals
30
parallax error
occurs when the buret is not read at eye level
31
molality
moles of solute / kg solvent
32
formality
moles formula units / L
33
molarity
moles / L
34
Normality
equivalent moles / L
35
% weight
g solute / 100 g solution
36
% volume
mL solute / 100 mL solution
37
% weight to volume
g solute / 100 mL solution
38
ppm
g solute / 10^6 g solution, ug/mL, mg/L
39
ppb
g solute / 10^9 g solution, ug/L, ng/mL
40
Gravimetric Analysis Step 1
prepare solution, want low to no solubility of the precipitate
41
Gravimetric Analysis Step 2
precipitation, want few large crystals
42
Gravimetric Analysis Step 3
digestion, ADD heat to increase collision energy
43
Gravimetric Analysis Step 4
filtration, isolates analyte
44
Gravimetric Analysis Step 5
washing, dissolves impurities
45
Gravimetric Analysis Step 6
drying or igniting, removes water or solvent
46
Gravimetric Analysis Step 7
weighing, many times
47
Gravimetric Analysis Step 8
calculations
48
Gravimetric Factor
= (moles of analyte x FM analyte) / FM weighed
49
% analyte
((ppt. weight x GF) / sample weight )x 100
50
Combustion Analysis
determine percentages of C, H, O
51
TGA
thermogravimetric analysis, heat forces the reactions & physical changes, either uniform or changing heat
52
lot
total material from which samples are taken
53
bulk
gross sample taken from the lot
54
laboratory sample
homogenized, must have same composition
55
aliquots
small portions of the lab sample used for individual analysis
56
random sample
take from entire lot without paying attention to landscape
57
composite sample
representative sample, takes into account analyte concentrations
58
sample prep
series of steps to get bulk sample to lab sample
59
macro sample
> 0.1 g
60
semimicro sample
0.01 -0.1 g
61
microanalysis sample
10^-4 - 10^-2
62
ultramicro sample
63
major type
1-100 %
64
minor type
1 ppb - 100 ppm
65
trace type
1 ppb - 100 ppm
66
ultratrace type
67
essential water
forms an integral part of molecular or crystalline structure, part of stoichiometry
68
hydrates
essential water, can be removed without changing the sample
69
waters of constitution
essential water, can not be removed without changing the sample
70
non-essential water
water retained by a solid as a consequence of physical forces, no stoichiometric proportions
71
adsorbed water
non-essential, surface of solids due to humidity, temperature, surface area
72
sorbed water
non-essential, held in condensed phase by starches and proteins
73
occluded water
non-essential, water entrapped in pockets of crystals of minerals and rocks
74
water or decrepitation
sudden explosion of water due to build up of pressure during heating
75
extraction
analyte is dissolved in solvent that does not decompose or entirely dissolve sample
76
liquid-liquid extraction
rely on characteristics of the solvent to separate analyte such as boiling point, density, susceptibility to microwaves
77
solid-phase extraction
1 solid phase, 1 liquid phase, analyte interacts with stationary phase as it passes through and is eluted out
78
supercritical fluid extraction
supercritical fluid passes through sample to dissolve a particular analyte, may be carbon dioxide
79
solid supported liquid extraction
liquid phase, solid cartridge present to absorb analyte
80
relative supersaturation
= Q-S / S, want low Q, high S to ensure low supersaturation -> few large crystals
81
induction
time before crystal nucleation
82
colloid
finely divided particle with a stable dispersion in medium
83
electric double layer
layers of opposite charge associate with particle, gives solution a charge, better formed in neutral dispersions or with more solvation
84
occlusion
impurities get trapped within crystal as a result of rapid growth, can attempt to fix by redissolving or re-precipitating
85
inclusion
other ions get trapped in crystals, little can be done
86
surface adsorption
solvent or ions get stuck to the surface of the crystal, washing or digestion can help
87
ashing
convert to ash, either wet or dry
88
fusion
rocks and metals formed
