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Analytical Chemistry Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Analytical Process Step 1

A

Identify and state the problem

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2
Q

Analytical Process Step 2

A

select procedures

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3
Q

Analytical Process Step 3

A

obtain the sample

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4
Q

Analytical Process Step 4

A

prepare the sample

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5
Q

Analytical Process Step 5

A

analyze the sample

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6
Q

Analytical Process Step 6

A

interpret and report results

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7
Q

Analytical Process Step 7

A

make conclusions

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8
Q

Qualitative Analysis

A

what is in the sample?

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9
Q

Quantitative Analysis

A

how much is in the sample?

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10
Q

Chemical Identification

A

unknown chemical in sample

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11
Q

Structural Analysis

A

mass, composition, structure, or analyte

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12
Q

Property Characterization

A

chem/physical properties of analyte

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13
Q

Spatial Analysis

A

distribution of analyte through sample

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14
Q

Time-dependent

A

change of analyte or property over time

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15
Q

Standard Operating Procedure

A

quality assurance, control experiments, set of guidelines everyone follows

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16
Q

distilled

A

boiled, removes particulates, dissolved solids, microorganisms and pyrogens

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17
Q

deionized

A

remove ions, dissolved gases

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18
Q

readability

A

smallest division weight

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19
Q

resolution

A

capacity/ readability, should be high

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20
Q

macroanalytical balance

A

0.0001

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21
Q

semimicrobalance

A

0.00001

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22
Q

microbalance

A

0.000001

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23
Q

ultramicrobalance

A

0.0000001

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24
Q

industrial precision scale

A

0.0001-0.1 kg

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25
Q

precision balance

A

0.001-1 g

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26
Q

weigh by difference

A

take out of container on balance, avoids oil

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27
Q

correction for buoyancy

A

Mobj= Mdisp x (1-(Dair/Dref))/(1-(Dair/Dobj))

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28
Q

Class A glassware

A

pyrex, borosilicate, Kimax glass, best tolerance, but expensive

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29
Q

Class B glassware

A

Borosilicate glass, plastics, tolerance has more error, less expensive, used for metals

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30
Q

parallax error

A

occurs when the buret is not read at eye level

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31
Q

molality

A

moles of solute / kg solvent

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32
Q

formality

A

moles formula units / L

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33
Q

molarity

A

moles / L

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34
Q

Normality

A

equivalent moles / L

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35
Q

% weight

A

g solute / 100 g solution

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36
Q

% volume

A

mL solute / 100 mL solution

37
Q

% weight to volume

A

g solute / 100 mL solution

38
Q

ppm

A

g solute / 10^6 g solution, ug/mL, mg/L

39
Q

ppb

A

g solute / 10^9 g solution, ug/L, ng/mL

40
Q

Gravimetric Analysis Step 1

A

prepare solution, want low to no solubility of the precipitate

41
Q

Gravimetric Analysis Step 2

A

precipitation, want few large crystals

42
Q

Gravimetric Analysis Step 3

A

digestion, ADD heat to increase collision energy

43
Q

Gravimetric Analysis Step 4

A

filtration, isolates analyte

44
Q

Gravimetric Analysis Step 5

A

washing, dissolves impurities

45
Q

Gravimetric Analysis Step 6

A

drying or igniting, removes water or solvent

46
Q

Gravimetric Analysis Step 7

A

weighing, many times

47
Q

Gravimetric Analysis Step 8

A

calculations

48
Q

Gravimetric Factor

A

= (moles of analyte x FM analyte) / FM weighed

49
Q

% analyte

A

((ppt. weight x GF) / sample weight )x 100

50
Q

Combustion Analysis

A

determine percentages of C, H, O

51
Q

TGA

A

thermogravimetric analysis, heat forces the reactions & physical changes, either uniform or changing heat

52
Q

lot

A

total material from which samples are taken

53
Q

bulk

A

gross sample taken from the lot

54
Q

laboratory sample

A

homogenized, must have same composition

55
Q

aliquots

A

small portions of the lab sample used for individual analysis

56
Q

random sample

A

take from entire lot without paying attention to landscape

57
Q

composite sample

A

representative sample, takes into account analyte concentrations

58
Q

sample prep

A

series of steps to get bulk sample to lab sample

59
Q

macro sample

A

> 0.1 g

60
Q

semimicro sample

A

0.01 -0.1 g

61
Q

microanalysis sample

A

10^-4 - 10^-2

62
Q

ultramicro sample

A
63
Q

major type

A

1-100 %

64
Q

minor type

A

1 ppb - 100 ppm

65
Q

trace type

A

1 ppb - 100 ppm

66
Q

ultratrace type

A
67
Q

essential water

A

forms an integral part of molecular or crystalline structure, part of stoichiometry

68
Q

hydrates

A

essential water, can be removed without changing the sample

69
Q

waters of constitution

A

essential water, can not be removed without changing the sample

70
Q

non-essential water

A

water retained by a solid as a consequence of physical forces, no stoichiometric proportions

71
Q

adsorbed water

A

non-essential, surface of solids due to humidity, temperature, surface area

72
Q

sorbed water

A

non-essential, held in condensed phase by starches and proteins

73
Q

occluded water

A

non-essential, water entrapped in pockets of crystals of minerals and rocks

74
Q

water or decrepitation

A

sudden explosion of water due to build up of pressure during heating

75
Q

extraction

A

analyte is dissolved in solvent that does not decompose or entirely dissolve sample

76
Q

liquid-liquid extraction

A

rely on characteristics of the solvent to separate analyte such as boiling point, density, susceptibility to microwaves

77
Q

solid-phase extraction

A

1 solid phase, 1 liquid phase, analyte interacts with stationary phase as it passes through and is eluted out

78
Q

supercritical fluid extraction

A

supercritical fluid passes through sample to dissolve a particular analyte, may be carbon dioxide

79
Q

solid supported liquid extraction

A

liquid phase, solid cartridge present to absorb analyte

80
Q

relative supersaturation

A

= Q-S / S, want low Q, high S to ensure low supersaturation -> few large crystals

81
Q

induction

A

time before crystal nucleation

82
Q

colloid

A

finely divided particle with a stable dispersion in medium

83
Q

electric double layer

A

layers of opposite charge associate with particle, gives solution a charge, better formed in neutral dispersions or with more solvation

84
Q

occlusion

A

impurities get trapped within crystal as a result of rapid growth, can attempt to fix by redissolving or re-precipitating

85
Q

inclusion

A

other ions get trapped in crystals, little can be done

86
Q

surface adsorption

A

solvent or ions get stuck to the surface of the crystal, washing or digestion can help

87
Q

ashing

A

convert to ash, either wet or dry

88
Q

fusion

A

rocks and metals formed

Analytical Chemistry Exam 1 (1 decks)

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