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Napoleonic > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Three Estates

A

1st - Nobility
2nd - Clergy
3rd - Commoners
- (quasi-feudalistic social structure established by mid 15th century)

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2
Q

“Sans-Culottes”

A
  • Means without pants

- Applied to working classes, especially of Paris.

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3
Q

“Bourgeoise”

A
  • Middle classes
  • Especially associated with business
  • Merchants and some members of the nobility
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4
Q

Composite State

A
  • Nation consisting of many regions over a long course of time
  • Only shared characteristic among regions was the church
  • France was so (part of ancient regime)
  • Prior to and during Louis XIV reign
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5
Q

Gabelle

A
  • Crown monopoly on sale of salt
  • Forced prices and set amounts
  • Strict limits on what could be done with it
  • Warrantless searches and punishments
  • Incredibly long history of it
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6
Q

Napoleon

A
  • Corsican, minor nobility
  • French school scholarship
  • Artillery
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7
Q

Assembly of Notables

A
  • Feb. 1787

- Opposition from first 2 estates ends (financial) reform effort

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8
Q

Feudalism

A
  • Nobility held land from crown in return for military service
  • Peasants provided labor (and money) for military protection.
  • Napoleon would create system that made achievement “noble” instead of birth
  • Big reform efforts against feudalism - abolished 1789
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9
Q

Jacobins

A
  • Radical political group
  • Association with Robespierre
  • Instituted the Terror
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10
Q

Estates General

A
  • National representative body, hadn’t met since 1614
  • Three estates couldn’t agree on platforms, let alone meet in the same room
  • In theory, political alliance between 1st and 2nd estates
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11
Q

National Assembly

A

Comes out of Estates General, 3rd Estate, for the people.

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12
Q

“Tennis Court Oath”

A
  • June 1789
  • National Assembly
  • “We will meet until there is a written constitution for France”
  • Not successful
  • Written constitution extremely rare (U.S)
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13
Q

Bastille Day

A
  • Prison complex
  • Rumored that large number of political prisoners expected
  • Torture and incarceration without charge
  • Reality: 8 prisoners, none political
  • Symbolic start of Revolution
  • Traditional authorities no longer in control of situation
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14
Q

La Fayette

A
  • Hero in American Revolution
  • Supported Republic in U.S, but monarchy in France
  • Mistrusted by both Royalists and Revolutionaries
  • In command of National Guard
  • July 1791, under his command, National Guard fired on to crowd killing many
  • Example of men of power allying with the Crown against the people
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15
Q

Marie Antoinette

A
  • Daughter of Austrian royalty
  • Not big fan of financial reforms
  • Wife to Louis XIV
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16
Q

Vendee

A
  • Region of France
  • Objection to Revolutionary religious policies was fierce
  • Uprisings, resulted in civil war between royalists and revolutionaries (starting in 1793)
  • Sparked by execution of Louis XIV
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17
Q

Committee of Public Safety

A
  • Under Robespierre
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18
Q

Reign of Terror

A
  • Robespierre (disputed)
  • Committee of Public Safety authorized to use extraordinary means to save France
  • Used to subdue Revolution’s internal and external threats
  • “Republic of Virtue” anything that conflicts with it must be exterminated.
  • Turn against Herbertist faction
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19
Q

Levée en Masse

A
  • Issued by National convention
  • August 1793
  • Ordering a National draft and mobilization of resources towards war effort
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20
Q

National Convention

A
  • 1792 to 1795
  • Introduced Revolutionary calendar
  • Overthrew Robespierre
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21
Q

Maxmillan Robespierre

A
  • Leader of the Jacobins

- Ringleader in execution of Louis XIV

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22
Q

Rights of Man and Citizen

A
  • During reign of National Assembly
  • Agreement between the radicals and the reformist nobility
  • “men born and remain free”
  • “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”
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23
Q

Siege of Toulon

A
  • 1793
  • Uprising, Toulon requests aid from Spain and Britain
  • Little coordination among allies, different goals
  • Revolutionary forces besiege in September
  • Napoleon commander of artillery
  • Assault on “Little Gibraltar” guarding strait between inner and outer harbor
  • Napoleon assigned to head artillery of Army of Italy
  • Napoleon meets Barras
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24
Q

22 Pairarial Laws

A
  • June 1794
  • Turns tribunal into court of condemnation, not court of trial
  • No defense lawyers or witnesses
  • “Every citizen is empowered to seize conspirators and counterrevolutionaries”
  • Going after counterrevolutionaries
  • Approaching end of Terrors
25
Q

George Danton

A
  • First president of the Committee of Public Safety
26
Q

Thermidorian Reaction

A
  • Opposition forces to Robespierre
  • Napoleon tries to distance himself from Robespierre
  • Is arrested, unemployed (but no significant connection to Robespierre determined)
  • Napoleon comes out of this when Barras gives him a free hand
27
Q

Carnot

A
  • Minister of War
  • Was on Committee of Public Safety
  • Organizer of the revolutionary army
  • Compulsory education (for men and women)
28
Q

Barras

A
  • Nobleman siding with the revolution
  • One of (most prominent) member of Directory
  • Interest in stability and property
29
Q

Constitution of the Year III

A
  • Reconstruction of the Government
  • 2 chamber legislature (Council of Elders and the Council of 500)
  • 5 man executive council (The Directory)
  • Plebiscite
  • Focused on property ownership and voting rights
30
Q

The Directory

A
  • Combinations of survivors, certain sense of stability
  • Selected by Council of Elders
  • Primary support from the bourgeoisie class, but the directory itself is divided.
31
Q

Josephine

A
  • Consort of Barras
  • Widow, supporting 2 children
  • Minor nobility
  • Does not express same devotion as Napoleon
32
Q

Battle of the Nile

A
  • 1798
  • 13 French ships of the line vs. 14 British ships of the line.
  • French Fleet Anchored (believe water is too shallow to sail between it and shore.
  • Unprepared for battle, not easy escape (wind direction).
  • French attacked from both sides, “leap-frog”
  • Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt cut off from resupply or repatriation (stuck in Egypt).
33
Q

Coup of 18 Fructidor

A
  • Sept. 1797
  • Prior to Campo Formio Treaty
  • Elections in 1797: 1/3 of the 500 up for election. Most seats are won by royalists or suspected royalists.
  • Conspiracy theory: the entire 500 is in a royalist plot against the directory and the revolution.
  • Response: Recall of military units from the front, 177 of 500 removed, elections in 49 departments annulled, Carnot exiled
34
Q

22 Florial Coup

A
  • “correction” of elections promoting the left

- removed “left”s from office in 500

35
Q

18 Brumaire

A
  • Napoleon popular face of 18 Brumaire
  • Resignation of Barras, Sieyes, Roger-Ducos (Moulin, Goheir arrested)
  • Complete collapse of the Directory, but the Council of Ancients and Council of 500 remain.
  • Napoleon almost declared an outlaw.
  • Intervention of Lucien Bonaparte (president of Council)
36
Q

19 Brumaire

A
  • 2 legislative bodies established 3 provisional directors: Napoleon, Sieyes, and Roger-Ducos.
  • Constitution of year VIII
  • Coup within the coup, Napoleon as the First Consul: 2 non-entities for the other 2 posts.
  • Sieyes President of the (mostly) symbolic Senate.
37
Q

Constitution of year VIII

A
  • No declaration of rights
  • Form of legislative branch remains but power in the hands of the consuls
  • The First Counsel - supreme
    “Constitutions should be short and obscure”- Napoleon
38
Q

Consulate

A
  • One major, two minor
  • Consuls elected for 10 years, no term limits
  • Ministers now appointed by and responsible to the 1st Consul.
  • Part of government created from Constitution of year VIII
39
Q

Council of State

A
  • 40 members appointed by the 1st Consul from the
    National List
  • Drafted legislation
  • Part of government created from Constitution of year VIII
    *Napoleon has direct control in appointments
40
Q

Senate

A
  • Total of 80 from the National List.
  • Appointment for life
  • In theory by mutual consent of the 3 Consuls and the legislature, but realistically the First Consul.
  • Decides constitutionality of any bill.
  • Part of government created from Constitution of year VIII
41
Q

Treaty of Luneville

A
  • Feb. 1801
  • French boundary now at the Rhine,
    recognition of Italian and Dutch Republics.
  • Comes at end of second coalition
42
Q

Treaty of Amiens

A
  • 1802
  • Peace between Britain and France (more like armistice)
  • First time France had been fully at peace since the revolution = time and resources for internal reforms.
  • Opened trade with Britain
43
Q

Battle of Copenhagen

A
  • 1801
  • Lord Nelson (British) attacking docked Danish ships
  • Danish surrender (make agreement w/ British)
  • Didn’t want Napoleon to get hands on Danish fleet
  • Unnecessary warfare (Czar Paul assassinated)
  • Similar to battle of the Nile
44
Q

Constitution of Year X

A
  • 1802
  • Napoleon consul for life
  • New Powers: can name the other 2 consuls, his own successor, conclude treaties, appointment of JoP’s, changes in electoral system
  • Succession was an issue previously
45
Q

Code Napoleon

A
  • 1804
  • Civil Code
  • Judges cannot create “general rule” must make decisions (case by case) from the list of laws made
  • Napoleon has more influence in the legal and political system
46
Q

Constitution of the Year XII

A
  • 1804

- Bonaparte Dynasty (succession no brainer)

47
Q

Concordat

A
  • July 1801
  • Agreement between Pius VII and Napoleon
  • Intended to regularlize the relaIonship between the Catholic Church and the French government.
  • “Organic Articles” - 77 articles that undermined the Church
  • Provided legitimacy to Napoleon’s rule
48
Q

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A
  • 1790
  • Introduced by National Assembly
  • Made Catholic church subordinate to French government
49
Q

National Guard

A
  • 1789 (W)
  • Militia that acted as a reserve to Napoleon
  • Under La Fayette in beginning of Revolution
50
Q

Campo Formio Treaty

A
  • 1797

- Treaty between France and Austria

51
Q

Battle of Marengo

A
  • June 14, 1800
  • Follows treacherous campaign through mountains and snow (many died).
  • Tough battle, but French scrape by
  • Dispatches back to Paris focus on Napoleon’s generalship, all of the original reports were later destroyed.
  • Example of how Napoleon controlled the press
52
Q

Commune of Paris

A
  • Extremely radical
  • Sponsored September massacres
  • 1792, dominated by Jacobins who couldn’t be a part of legislative assembly due to self-denying clause
  • Danton became involved, before Tuileries was attacked
53
Q

Committee of Public Safety

A
  • De facto executive body of National convention government
  • Internal security and resources in war effort
  • Dominated by Jacobins, esp. Robespierre
  • Certificates of civism (showed that you support revolution)
54
Q

Siege of Acre

A
  • 1799
  • Part of Napoleon’s invasion in Egypt/Ottoman Empire
  • Siege of Acre = garrison resupplied by British and Ottoman fleets
  • 5 Assaults by French, all repulsed
  • One of Napoleon’s few defeats
55
Q

Battle of Lodi

A
  • 1796
  • French vs. Austrian army
  • Part of Napoleon’s campaign in Italy
  • Victory (Austrian’s retreat)
56
Q

Battle of Rivoli

A
  • 1797
  • Part of Italian campaign
  • Led to French occupation of northern Italy
  • Big win for France (over Austria)
57
Q

Battle of the Pyramids

A
  • 1798
  • Part of French campaign in Egypt
  • Victory for Napoleon against Ottoman Empire
  • Napoleon demonstrated his military acumen
58
Q

Abbe Sieyes

A
  • Wrote “What is the Third Estate?”
  • Conspirator in the 18 Brumaire
  • Part of the Directory, thought himself to the brainchild behind it all
  • One of the Consuls (#2)
59
Q

Lucien Bonaparte

A
  • Napoleon’s brother
  • Council of 500
  • When Council wanted to “get rid of” Napoleon, Lucien left the chamber and harangued the troops, telling them that General Napoleon was being threatened

Napoleonic (3 decks)

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