Exam #1 Flashcards
1
Q
Three Estates
A
1st - Nobility
2nd - Clergy
3rd - Commoners
- (quasi-feudalistic social structure established by mid 15th century)
2
Q
“Sans-Culottes”
A
- Means without pants
- Applied to working classes, especially of Paris.
3
Q
“Bourgeoise”
A
- Middle classes
- Especially associated with business
- Merchants and some members of the nobility
4
Q
Composite State
A
- Nation consisting of many regions over a long course of time
- Only shared characteristic among regions was the church
- France was so (part of ancient regime)
- Prior to and during Louis XIV reign
5
Q
Gabelle
A
- Crown monopoly on sale of salt
- Forced prices and set amounts
- Strict limits on what could be done with it
- Warrantless searches and punishments
- Incredibly long history of it
6
Q
Napoleon
A
- Corsican, minor nobility
- French school scholarship
- Artillery
7
Q
Assembly of Notables
A
- Feb. 1787
- Opposition from first 2 estates ends (financial) reform effort
8
Q
Feudalism
A
- Nobility held land from crown in return for military service
- Peasants provided labor (and money) for military protection.
- Napoleon would create system that made achievement “noble” instead of birth
- Big reform efforts against feudalism - abolished 1789
9
Q
Jacobins
A
- Radical political group
- Association with Robespierre
- Instituted the Terror
10
Q
Estates General
A
- National representative body, hadn’t met since 1614
- Three estates couldn’t agree on platforms, let alone meet in the same room
- In theory, political alliance between 1st and 2nd estates
11
Q
National Assembly
A
Comes out of Estates General, 3rd Estate, for the people.
12
Q
“Tennis Court Oath”
A
- June 1789
- National Assembly
- “We will meet until there is a written constitution for France”
- Not successful
- Written constitution extremely rare (U.S)
13
Q
Bastille Day
A
- Prison complex
- Rumored that large number of political prisoners expected
- Torture and incarceration without charge
- Reality: 8 prisoners, none political
- Symbolic start of Revolution
- Traditional authorities no longer in control of situation
14
Q
La Fayette
A
- Hero in American Revolution
- Supported Republic in U.S, but monarchy in France
- Mistrusted by both Royalists and Revolutionaries
- In command of National Guard
- July 1791, under his command, National Guard fired on to crowd killing many
- Example of men of power allying with the Crown against the people
15
Q
Marie Antoinette
A
- Daughter of Austrian royalty
- Not big fan of financial reforms
- Wife to Louis XIV
16
Q
Vendee
A
- Region of France
- Objection to Revolutionary religious policies was fierce
- Uprisings, resulted in civil war between royalists and revolutionaries (starting in 1793)
- Sparked by execution of Louis XIV
17
Q
Committee of Public Safety
A
- Under Robespierre
18
Q
Reign of Terror
A
- Robespierre (disputed)
- Committee of Public Safety authorized to use extraordinary means to save France
- Used to subdue Revolution’s internal and external threats
- “Republic of Virtue” anything that conflicts with it must be exterminated.
- Turn against Herbertist faction
19
Q
Levée en Masse
A
- Issued by National convention
- August 1793
- Ordering a National draft and mobilization of resources towards war effort
20
Q
National Convention
A
- 1792 to 1795
- Introduced Revolutionary calendar
- Overthrew Robespierre
21
Q
Maxmillan Robespierre
A
- Leader of the Jacobins
- Ringleader in execution of Louis XIV
22
Q
Rights of Man and Citizen
A
- During reign of National Assembly
- Agreement between the radicals and the reformist nobility
- “men born and remain free”
- “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”
23
Q
Siege of Toulon
A
- 1793
- Uprising, Toulon requests aid from Spain and Britain
- Little coordination among allies, different goals
- Revolutionary forces besiege in September
- Napoleon commander of artillery
- Assault on “Little Gibraltar” guarding strait between inner and outer harbor
- Napoleon assigned to head artillery of Army of Italy
- Napoleon meets Barras
24
Q
22 Pairarial Laws
A
- June 1794
- Turns tribunal into court of condemnation, not court of trial
- No defense lawyers or witnesses
- “Every citizen is empowered to seize conspirators and counterrevolutionaries”
- Going after counterrevolutionaries
- Approaching end of Terrors
25
Q
George Danton
A
- First president of the Committee of Public Safety
26
Q
Thermidorian Reaction
A
- Opposition forces to Robespierre
- Napoleon tries to distance himself from Robespierre
- Is arrested, unemployed (but no significant connection to Robespierre determined)
- Napoleon comes out of this when Barras gives him a free hand
27
Q
Carnot
A
- Minister of War
- Was on Committee of Public Safety
- Organizer of the revolutionary army
- Compulsory education (for men and women)
28
Q
Barras
A
- Nobleman siding with the revolution
- One of (most prominent) member of Directory
- Interest in stability and property
29
Q
Constitution of the Year III
A
- Reconstruction of the Government
- 2 chamber legislature (Council of Elders and the Council of 500)
- 5 man executive council (The Directory)
- Plebiscite
- Focused on property ownership and voting rights
30
Q
The Directory
A
- Combinations of survivors, certain sense of stability
- Selected by Council of Elders
- Primary support from the bourgeoisie class, but the directory itself is divided.
31
Q
Josephine
A
- Consort of Barras
- Widow, supporting 2 children
- Minor nobility
- Does not express same devotion as Napoleon
32
Q
Battle of the Nile
A
- 1798
- 13 French ships of the line vs. 14 British ships of the line.
- French Fleet Anchored (believe water is too shallow to sail between it and shore.
- Unprepared for battle, not easy escape (wind direction).
- French attacked from both sides, “leap-frog”
- Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt cut off from resupply or repatriation (stuck in Egypt).
33
Q
Coup of 18 Fructidor
A
- Sept. 1797
- Prior to Campo Formio Treaty
- Elections in 1797: 1/3 of the 500 up for election. Most seats are won by royalists or suspected royalists.
- Conspiracy theory: the entire 500 is in a royalist plot against the directory and the revolution.
- Response: Recall of military units from the front, 177 of 500 removed, elections in 49 departments annulled, Carnot exiled
34
Q
22 Florial Coup
A
- “correction” of elections promoting the left
- removed “left”s from office in 500
35
Q
18 Brumaire
A
- Napoleon popular face of 18 Brumaire
- Resignation of Barras, Sieyes, Roger-Ducos (Moulin, Goheir arrested)
- Complete collapse of the Directory, but the Council of Ancients and Council of 500 remain.
- Napoleon almost declared an outlaw.
- Intervention of Lucien Bonaparte (president of Council)
36
Q
19 Brumaire
A
- 2 legislative bodies established 3 provisional directors: Napoleon, Sieyes, and Roger-Ducos.
- Constitution of year VIII
- Coup within the coup, Napoleon as the First Consul: 2 non-entities for the other 2 posts.
- Sieyes President of the (mostly) symbolic Senate.
37
Q
Constitution of year VIII
A
- No declaration of rights
- Form of legislative branch remains but power in the hands of the consuls
- The First Counsel - supreme
“Constitutions should be short and obscure”- Napoleon
38
Q
Consulate
A
- One major, two minor
- Consuls elected for 10 years, no term limits
- Ministers now appointed by and responsible to the 1st Consul.
- Part of government created from Constitution of year VIII
39
Q
Council of State
A
- 40 members appointed by the 1st Consul from the
National List - Drafted legislation
- Part of government created from Constitution of year VIII
*Napoleon has direct control in appointments
40
Q
Senate
A
- Total of 80 from the National List.
- Appointment for life
- In theory by mutual consent of the 3 Consuls and the legislature, but realistically the First Consul.
- Decides constitutionality of any bill.
- Part of government created from Constitution of year VIII
41
Q
Treaty of Luneville
A
- Feb. 1801
- French boundary now at the Rhine,
recognition of Italian and Dutch Republics. - Comes at end of second coalition
42
Q
Treaty of Amiens
A
- 1802
- Peace between Britain and France (more like armistice)
- First time France had been fully at peace since the revolution = time and resources for internal reforms.
- Opened trade with Britain
43
Q
Battle of Copenhagen
A
- 1801
- Lord Nelson (British) attacking docked Danish ships
- Danish surrender (make agreement w/ British)
- Didn’t want Napoleon to get hands on Danish fleet
- Unnecessary warfare (Czar Paul assassinated)
- Similar to battle of the Nile
44
Q
Constitution of Year X
A
- 1802
- Napoleon consul for life
- New Powers: can name the other 2 consuls, his own successor, conclude treaties, appointment of JoP’s, changes in electoral system
- Succession was an issue previously
45
Q
Code Napoleon
A
- 1804
- Civil Code
- Judges cannot create “general rule” must make decisions (case by case) from the list of laws made
- Napoleon has more influence in the legal and political system
46
Q
Constitution of the Year XII
A
- 1804
- Bonaparte Dynasty (succession no brainer)
47
Q
Concordat
A
- July 1801
- Agreement between Pius VII and Napoleon
- Intended to regularlize the relaIonship between the Catholic Church and the French government.
- “Organic Articles” - 77 articles that undermined the Church
- Provided legitimacy to Napoleon’s rule
48
Q
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
A
- 1790
- Introduced by National Assembly
- Made Catholic church subordinate to French government
49
Q
National Guard
A
- 1789 (W)
- Militia that acted as a reserve to Napoleon
- Under La Fayette in beginning of Revolution
50
Q
Campo Formio Treaty
A
- 1797
- Treaty between France and Austria
51
Q
Battle of Marengo
A
- June 14, 1800
- Follows treacherous campaign through mountains and snow (many died).
- Tough battle, but French scrape by
- Dispatches back to Paris focus on Napoleon’s generalship, all of the original reports were later destroyed.
- Example of how Napoleon controlled the press
52
Q
Commune of Paris
A
- Extremely radical
- Sponsored September massacres
- 1792, dominated by Jacobins who couldn’t be a part of legislative assembly due to self-denying clause
- Danton became involved, before Tuileries was attacked
53
Q
Committee of Public Safety
A
- De facto executive body of National convention government
- Internal security and resources in war effort
- Dominated by Jacobins, esp. Robespierre
- Certificates of civism (showed that you support revolution)
54
Q
Siege of Acre
A
- 1799
- Part of Napoleon’s invasion in Egypt/Ottoman Empire
- Siege of Acre = garrison resupplied by British and Ottoman fleets
- 5 Assaults by French, all repulsed
- One of Napoleon’s few defeats
55
Q
Battle of Lodi
A
- 1796
- French vs. Austrian army
- Part of Napoleon’s campaign in Italy
- Victory (Austrian’s retreat)
56
Q
Battle of Rivoli
A
- 1797
- Part of Italian campaign
- Led to French occupation of northern Italy
- Big win for France (over Austria)
57
Q
Battle of the Pyramids
A
- 1798
- Part of French campaign in Egypt
- Victory for Napoleon against Ottoman Empire
- Napoleon demonstrated his military acumen
58
Q
Abbe Sieyes
A
- Wrote “What is the Third Estate?”
- Conspirator in the 18 Brumaire
- Part of the Directory, thought himself to the brainchild behind it all
- One of the Consuls (#2)
59
Q
Lucien Bonaparte
A
- Napoleon’s brother
- Council of 500
- When Council wanted to “get rid of” Napoleon, Lucien left the chamber and harangued the troops, telling them that General Napoleon was being threatened
