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ASC 320 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Temperature

A

Mature Horse= 99.5-101.5

young horse= 100.5-101.5

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2
Q

factors affecting temperature

A

ambient temperature, excitement, exercise, disease

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3
Q

Normal Pulse/HR

A

Mature horse=28-40 BPM, avg is 32-36 BPM
Newborn=80-100 BPM
foal=60-80 BPM
yearling=40-60 BPM

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4
Q

factors affecting HR

A

excitement/fear, ambient temperature, exercise, pain or illness

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5
Q

Normal respiration

A

mature horse=12-16 BPM
newborn=30-80 BPM
foal=20-40 BPM

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6
Q

factors affecting respiration

A

excitement, exercise, ambient temperature, pain

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7
Q

dehydration levels

A

5-7%= mild dehydration
8-10%=moderate
>10%=severe, can lead to organ failure

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8
Q

how is water most commonly lost

A

sweating

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9
Q

Dehydration test

A

skin pinch test-pinch&release skin on neck (less than 2 secs is normal)
capillary refill time-press and release upper gum (less than 2 secs is normal)

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10
Q

Mucus Membranes

A

should be moist and pink, dark pink/red suggest illness or poisoning

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11
Q

shock

A

caused by shutting down of circulatory system

signs=rapid breathing, shaking and shivering,weak pulse, pale or blue mucous membranes, extremities feel cold

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12
Q

estimating body weight

A

heart girth tape, body measurements, app,scale

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13
Q

equine ingestive behavior

A

eat and walk pattern up to 80% of day, small meals, consumes water 1-2X per day

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14
Q

equine digestive system

A

muscular hollow tube over 100 ft long, runs from mouth to anus and loops on itself many times. varies from 1-8 inches in diameter

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15
Q

equine digestive strategy

A

monogastric, hind gut fermenter, forages should be the foundation of the diet, relatively rapid passage through the stomach and small intestine, slow passage through the large intestine

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16
Q

digestion

A

the process of breaking down feedstuffs into their component nutrients so they will be mostly soluble in water, easily absorbed through the mucous membrane that lines the intestinal tract

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17
Q

aspects of digestion

A

mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing), intestinal movements, defecation (waste elimination)

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18
Q

the mouth

A

contain lips, teeth, tongue and salivary glands, site of mastication, reduces particle size and mixes feed with saliva and mucous, initial stage of starch digestion (salivary amylase)

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19
Q

enzyme

A

substance produced by a living organism, acts as a catalyst for a specific chemical reaction,

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20
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent change

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21
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube connecting the mouth and stomach, the bolus moves through it via peristalsis, only a one way flow

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22
Q

stomach

A

small, U-shaped sac near diaphragm, only 10% of digestive tract w/ a capacity of 2-4 gallons, subjects feed to gastric digestion

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23
Q

stomach contents

A

gastric juices (secreted by glands in the mucous membrane of stomach) that contain HCl, pepsin (digests protein) and gastric lipase (digests fat)

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24
Q

small intestine

A

connects stomach to cecum, 50-70 ft long, has 3 segments (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), digesta leaves through the ileal-cecal valve

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25
Q

enzymes released by the pancreas

A

bicarbonate neutralizes digesta, pancreatic amylase digests starch, pancreatic lipase digests fat, chemotrypsin trypsin and other proteases digest protein

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26
Q

liver secretions

A

bile is released into the small intestine directly from the liver, enables fat digestion and absorption

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27
Q

absorption in the small intestine

A

cells in the SI have enzymes for disaccharide enzymes, villi increase the surface area for absorption of vitamins and minerals

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28
Q

cecum

A

large blind sac, site of microbial digestion, volatile fatty acids are produced (Acetate, propionate and butyrate)

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29
Q

substrates for microbial digestion

A

plant fiber-cellulose, undigested sugar, undigested proteins, synthesis of B and K vitamins, microbial protein synthesis is not used in the horse b/c it is too late in the tract

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30
Q

Large colon

A

sacculated areas for microbes and fermentation, more absorption of VFAs, some water, minerals and vitamins occurs, has slow rate of passage to maximize absorption, site of impaction and gas colic

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31
Q

gas colic

A

build up of gas in the intestine triggering a pain response, if large amounts of highly digestible feed reach the intestines at once, gas is produced faster than it can be removed

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32
Q

impaction colic

A

movement of contents in the digestive tract is stopped

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33
Q

small colon

A

main site of water absorption and fecal ball formation

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34
Q

rectum

A

fecal storage prior to defecation at the anus, 40-50 lbs of feces is voided 8-12 times a day

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35
Q

starch

A

broken down to glucose in the small intestine,

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36
Q

protein

A

broken down into dipeptides and amino acids in the small intestine

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37
Q

fats and oils

A

broken down into fatty acids and absorbed by the ileum

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38
Q

Minerals

A

absorbed in the small intestine

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39
Q

vitamins

A

absorbed in the small intestine
fat-soluble-A, D, E, K
water soluble- B vitamins

40
Q

hindgut

A

site of microbial fermentation, plant fiber is digested here, protein and starch escaping digestion in the SI are digested here,

41
Q

water

A

necessary for life, replaces water loss to urine, feces, sweat

42
Q

factors effecting water intake

A

exercise may triple water consumption, lactation causes 50-80% increase in water requirement, high heat causes horses to drink more

43
Q

providing water

A

clean and fresh, maintain a cool temperature, use heat in winter, drop in ambient temp will often cause horses to drink less

44
Q

calories

A

megacalories (Mcal), used for maintenance, work, growth, reproduction and lactation

45
Q

Energy sources

A

soluble carbohydrates (sugars, starches) digested w/ amylase enzyme, structural carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose) digested by microbes

46
Q

Lipids

A

additional energy source (oil, fats), 2.25 times the energy content compared to carbs, source of essential fatty acids (linoleic)

47
Q

protein

A

needed for muscle, bone, skin, hoof, hair, antibodies and enzymes, comprised of linked amino acids, essential amino acids must be supplied in diet, excess protein in diet is deaminated in the liver, measured as crude protein

48
Q

forage

A

major protein source in diet, foundation of diet, it is best to increase protein intake with the purchase of better hay

49
Q

calcium

A

macromineral, major component of bones, teeth, plays a role in muscle function and is important to late gestational and lactating mares. found if forages (especially alfalfa)

50
Q

phosphorous

A

macromineral, major component of bones and teeth, found in grains and wheat bran, interferes w/ Ca (ideal ratio Ca:P is 1.5-2:1)

51
Q

Magnesium

A

macromineral, deficiency causes grass tetany

52
Q

sulfur

A

macromineral, required for hair and hoof growth, is a component of some amino acids

53
Q

Iron

A

micromineral, important for oxygen transfer in blood

54
Q

copper

A

micromineral, used for blood cells, deficiency may contribute to growth disorders

55
Q

fluorine

A

micromineral, used for teeth and bones

56
Q

Iodine

A

micromineral, used for thyroid function, deficiency causes goiters and excess causes repro problems in mares

57
Q

selenium

A

micromineral, important for muscle function and detoxification process, activity is associated with vitamin E, most esters states are Se deficient and some western states have excessive levels

58
Q

manganese

A

micromineral, cofactor in enzymes, deficiency associated with joint problems in growing horses

59
Q

zinc

A

micromineral. important for healthy skin, enzyme cofactor, less toxic than other trace minerals

60
Q

vitamin A

A

fat soluble, stored in body fat, precursor is beta-carotene, present in forages, loses potency during long-term storage, important requirement to meet in growing horses, used for skin and eyes, can be toxic in excess

61
Q

vitamin D

A

fat soluble, stored in body fat, precursor is cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol, present in forages, very important to bone health (associated w/ Ca utilization), excess can cause bone growth problems

62
Q

Vitamin E

A

fat souble, stored in body fat, pre-cursor is alpha tocopherol, present in forages and plant oils, used for muscle metabolism, antioxidant activity, nerve health and immune system, deficiency can lead to tying up

63
Q

Vitamin K

A

present in forages, synthesized in the hind gut, essential for blood clotting

64
Q

Vitamin C

A

water soluble, synthesized by tissues in horse from glucose, dietary sources are poorly absorbed, not stored in body fat (excess excreted)

65
Q

B Vitamins

A

most are abundant in fresh forages and synthesized by microbes, most do not require supplementation, not stored in body far, excess excreted

66
Q

Biotin

A

only B vitamin w/ clinically observable response to supplementation, may improve hoof quality if horse is deficient, hoof quality is also genetic

67
Q

warm season grasses

A

grow best over 70 F examples are bermudagrass, crabgrass, bahiagrass

68
Q

cool season grasses

A

grows best between 60-80 F examples are bluegrass, orchard grass, tall fescue (not for late gestation/lactating mares b/c of endophyte toxin) , timothy

69
Q

hays (general characteristics)

A

dried forages (86-90% DM), made from the same grasses and legumes as pastures, cut periodically during warm months

70
Q

hay storage

A

square bales, round bales, cubes, pellets, feral hays, haylage

71
Q

legume hay

A

high in protein, high in Ca, may be too high in energy for mature horses at maintenance

72
Q

grass hays

A

ofter sufficient without legumes, stage of maturity and plant species important to determine energy content, frequently marked as “horse hay”

73
Q

mixed hays

A

some combination and grass and legume, composition varies with cutting, 1st cutting tends to be high in grass and subsequent cuttings get richer with legumes, good Ca:P ratio

74
Q

cereal hays

A

unharvested grain with straws, usually lower quality than grass or legumes, can be fed in combo with legumes to inc. fiber intake and dec energy content of the diet

75
Q

hay quality considerations

A

maturity (seed heads, soft or woody, dusty), how its processed, bale type, ease of storage, cost, cost compared to adding concentrates to diet

76
Q

hay waste factors

A

as palatability dec, waste inc. as maturity inc. waste inc. as dryness inc. leaf shatter inc.

77
Q

digestible energy

A

unit usually used for horse rations, gross energy-fecal energy, expressed in Mcals/kg, energy needed for maintenance, work, repro ect.

78
Q

grains

A

major source of starch, seeds with outer coating, fiber, protein and energy content varies

79
Q

corn

A

highest energy grain fed to horses, lowest in protein, starch less digestible than that of oats,incomplete digestion in the SI, feeds microbes and may lead to lactic acid build-up, can be processed

80
Q

oats

A

most popular grain for horses, kernel is soft and easy to chew, moderate energy, high protein, starch is very digestible

81
Q

barley

A

less popular feed than oats or corn, harder consistency than oats, intermediate to oats and corn for energy, protein, fiber and starch digestibility

82
Q

milo (sorghum)

A

hard, round kernel, requires processing for horses, high energy, low fiber and protein, feed value and palatability varies with type (yellow or red better than brown)

83
Q

beet pulp

A

between forage and concentrates in feed characteristics, by-product from sugar manufacturing, low starch and highly digestible fiber, expensive

84
Q

vegetable oils

A

highest energy feed used for horses, good source of fatty acids, does not cause starch overload, good choice for athletes, should be introduced gradually

85
Q

protein feeds

A

used to supplement protein in forage portion of the diet, usually mixed with other energy feeds, relatively expensive way to increase protein

86
Q

soybean meal

A

commonly used protein source, hard legume, usually ground into meal for horses, 50% CP, excellent source of lysine, relatively high DE

87
Q

levels of work

A

light-trail ridding, pleasure, equitation
moderate-draft, ranch, rodeo timed events, jumping
intense-racing and training, polo, eventing, endurance

88
Q

performance diet

A

higher energy requirement than maintenance, still need to consume at least 1% BW (50% of diet) in forage, oil can be added to increase energy, 10% protein requirement

89
Q

growing horse diet

A

need to aim for moderate growth to avoid developmental orthopedic diseases, provide adequate minerals, many young horses experience a post-weaning slump followed by a catch-up period, feed around .5-1.5 lb per month of age

90
Q

least cost rations

A

requires pricing by 100 wt for concentrates, hay priced by the ton, effective approach for feeding groups of horses

91
Q

pastured horses

A

more difficult to specify a ration, supplement when necessary

92
Q

kentucky water quality act

A

if you own more than 10 acres and actively involved in forestry or agriculture, you must have an ag water quality plan, if you have livestock/crops you must have a nutrient management plan

93
Q

why is mud so bad?

A

causes stress, cuts intake, increase diseases in a herd, costs a lot of money

94
Q

rotational grazing

A

2 or more pastures are alternately rested and grazed in a planned sequence

95
Q

riparian areas

A

trees, shrubs and grasses adjacent to streams, lakes, ponds ect

96
Q

riparian area benefits

A

traps sediment, maintains stream banks, reduces flood damage, flood water storage, ground water recharge, providing wildlife habitat, filtering contaminants from runoff, water temp regulation

ASC 320 (4 decks)

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