Exam 1 Flashcards
Edward titchener
Structuralism
William James
First American psychologist
Stream of consciousness
Behaviorism
Study of behavior and it’s environmental determinants
Pavlov dog salvation test
Psychoanalysis
Study of the unconscious aspects of mind
Freud
Cognitive psychology
Study of the mental processes involved in knowing how thoughts influence behavior
Neurobiological approach
Study of the brain and nervous system and how they interact
Evolutionary psychology
Adaptations
Cross-cultural approach
Can only understand behavior in the context of culture, ethnicity and gender
Representative sample
Good representative of population (difficult to get)
Convenience sample
Most used
Participants who are available to be researched
Biased because doesn’t represent population well
Independent variable
Being manipulated
Dependent variable
Gets the impact
Experimental group
Gets experimented on/changed
Control group
Comparison group
Nothing done to them
Random assignment
How participants get assigned to groups
Looks like population
Experimenter expectancy
An experimenter’s ideas and beliefs before a study may impact experiment
Confirmation bias
Tendency to see results in line with your hypothesis
Demand characteristics
Subtle clues that an experimenter might give off to research subjects that impacts the study
Orne crazy classroom study
Hawthorne effect
Company that tried to increased productivity. Employees became aware, reacted, then went back
Selective attrition
When subjects drop out of subject pool
Belmont report
Respect for persons
Benefits > cost
Equal rights in research
Informed consent
Must tell subject idea of study
Freedom from coercion
Not allowed to pressure someone into being subject
Deception
Not allowed to deceive unless you tell subject after
Debriefing
Experimenter has to explain study AFTER to subject
Nerve cells (neurons)
Half of brain’s volume
Glial cells
Speeds up communication between neurons
Holds neurons in place, feeds and removes waste
Sensory neurons
Brings sense to brain
Motor neurons
Brain sends to body
Interneurons
Everything else
Dendrites
Receive info from other nerve cells
Cell body
Where info gets processed
Axon
Sends info out
Presynaptic terminal
End of neuron
Resting potential
Negative charge inside cell
Post synaptic potentials
Voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane
Excitatory PSP
Depolarizes (makes it less negative)
DECREASES action potential
Inhibitory PSP
Hyperpolarizes (makes more negative)
INCREASES action potential
Action potential
Voltage spike
Positive ions in, negative ions out
Cell becomes temporarily permeable
Triggers release of neurotransmitter
Synapses
Junctions between neurons
Impulse must travel across
Agonist
Blocks/slows down trip take
Facilitates neural communication
Antagonist
Increases action of neurotransmitters
Speeds up the reuptake process
Blocks receptor sites
Acetylcholine
Memory, motor functioning at body level, attention
Norepinephrine
Wakefulness/alertness, circadian rhythms
Dopamine
Motor behavior at brain level, learning, AWARD, Parkinson’s disease
Seratonin
Emotion, depression, anxiety, sleep/dreaming, appetite
GABA
PRIMARY INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTER
Glutamate
Primary excitatory neurotransmitter
Endorphins
Relief of pain, pleasure
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Somatic nervous system
Senses and muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Internal organs
Sympathetic nervous system
Activates
Parasympathetic nervous system
Calms
CAT
X-Ray of brain
MRI
Can clearly identify structures of brain
EEG
Electrodes placed on scalp to monitor brain activity
PET
Inject radioactive sugar to see active parts of the brain
fMRI
MEI scanner used to see a FUNCTIONS of blood change and activity in brain
Brain stem
Life support, heart rate, respiration
Cerebellum
Simple learning, coordination, balance
Pons
Arousal, sleep, heart rate, respiration
Medulla
Heart rate, respiration
Reticular activating system
Attention
Hypothalamus
Hunger, appetite, growth, hormones, sexual arousal/responses
Hippocampus
Memory
Amygdala
Emotional arousal
Thalamus
Relay station, signals pass through
Basal ganglia
Movement, behavio
Occipital lobe
Vision
Parietal lobe
Skin senses
Temporal lobe
Hearing processes
Frontal lobe
Motor function, organization and planning
Hemispatial neglect
Only detect part of body
Prosopagnosia
Can’t detect faces
Corpus callosum
Fibers that connects L&R hemispheres of brain
Left hemisphere
Step by step processes (language, writing)
Right hemisphere
Parallel (all-at-once) processing (perception of space, emotion, music and artistic ability)
Awake
Alpha (relaxing) and beta (alert)
Stage 1 sleep
Theta
Stage 2 sleep
Spindles, K complex
Stage 3 sleep
Delta activity
Stage 4 sleep
Delta
REM sleep
Beta (looks like awake)
Alcohol
Depressant
Works on GABA system
Dopamine makes it pleasurable
Barbiturates
Reduces anxiety, induced sleep. GABA system affected
Caffeine
Stimulant
Releases glutamine - stimulant
Nicotine
Works acetylcholine system
Wilhelm wundt
Father of modern psychology
Introspection