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Biogeochemestry Of The Oceans > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 elements in very high abundance and 2 in low abundance in planet Earth

A

Earth is rich in Silicate (Si) and Iron (Fe), and low on Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) and volatile elements

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2
Q

What is the mean oceans depth?

A

4000 meters

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3
Q

What are the earth layer from the inside to the outside?

A

Inner Core

Outer Core

D” Layer

Lower Mantle

Shallow Mantle

Crust and Lithosphere

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4
Q

Name the Top 3 Earth’s elements in abundance

A

Iron (Fe) 31.9%

Oxygen (O) 29.7%

Silicate (Si) 16.1%

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5
Q

Name top 3 elemental abundance in the Ocean

A

Oxygen (O)

Hydrogen (H)

Chloride (Cl)

Sodium (Na)

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6
Q

What is a Divergent Plate Boundary?

A

Is when plates diverge at mid-ocean ridges

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7
Q

What is a Convergent Plate Boundary?

A

Plates converge producing a subduction zone

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8
Q

What is a Transform Fault?

A

Plates move laterally past each other

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9
Q

What is a secular/unsteady trend?

A

Is a progressive directional change from initial condition

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10
Q

What is steady state cycling?

A

Balance between input and output rates

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11
Q

What is the average temperature and salinity is the world’s oceans?

A
  1. 5 degrees Celcius
  2. 7 ppt
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12
Q

True or false! The most common elements in the crustal are the most common in the solar system

A

FALSE

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13
Q

True or False! The lighter elements are more abundant that heavy elements

A

TRUE

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14
Q

What is an advantage of the Heat Capacity of water?

A

Prevents extreme ranges of temperature, tends to maintain uniform body temperatures

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15
Q

What are the components of sea salt?

A

Cl (55%)

Na (30.6%)

Sulfate (7.7%)

Mg (3.7%)

Ca (1.2%)

K (1.1%)

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16
Q

What are the so called MAJOR IONS?

A

Cl

Na

Mg

SO4

Ca

K

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17
Q

True or false! One of the most important properties of seawater is that its major components are CONSTANT

A

TRUE

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18
Q

What is a Conservative Element?

A

It is an element that is unreactive

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19
Q

What are the main two components of rivers and seawater?

A

Seawater = Cl and Na

Rivers = HCO3- and Ca

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20
Q

In a graph with the line (mixing) if you have a deviation from the straight line what does it mean? Give an example

A

A deviation from the line means the element is being added or removed. For example silica is higher in rivers than in oceans. In an estuary we will typically see a negative deviation from the line due to plankton uptake

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21
Q

How do water molecules change in the presence of ions?

A

The organization of the water molecules will change depending on the charge of the ions. Because of this organizations the water properties of seawater change compared to river water

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22
Q

What type of ion pairs are in seawater and what do they mean?

A

Covalent bond: not strictly and ion pair. Atoms sharing electron (strong interaction)

Contact pair: two ions closely to each other due to different charge

Solvent share: two ions of different charge sharing a water molecule between them

Solvent separated: two ions of different charge being separated by water molecules or solvent molecules

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23
Q

What is residence time of an element?

A

t = M/(dM/dt)

M = [] x amount of water in the ocean

dM/dt = [] in “river” x amount of water flowing into the ocean

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24
Q

What forms of solute dominate in seawater?

A

Bicarbonate HCO3-

Carbonate ion CO3 (2-)

Carbonic Acid H2CO3

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25
Q

Why is there a deep chlorophyl maximum?

A

Because at that depth phytoplankton produces more chlorophyl and more pigments due to the lack of light. Photoacclimation!

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26
Q

River input happens it what type of margins?

A

Passive margins

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27
Q

What is a convergent margin?

A

Coast with volvanic activity, subductive sediments, high mountains, rapid transition from continent to ocean

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28
Q

Where is the new crust generated?

A

Spreading centers or mid-ocean ridges

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29
Q

What is the MIXING TIME of the Oceans

A

1000 years

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30
Q

What are the two majot ions in river water?

A

Bicarbonate and Calcium

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31
Q

How does weathering occur?

A

We have silicate rock up in the continent that react with carbonic acid (from CO2 + H2O), and start to alter the rock. The carbonic acid kicks out the Ca ions from the rock and dissolves the rock in some degree, producing Ca ions and Silica in solution and bicarbonate, abundant in river water. Drains into the oceans from the continents all the time. Those component run into the sea and build up and in precipitated in the ocean biologically in the form of calcium carbonate and silica used for shells.

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32
Q

What is the reaction equation of the reaction between CO2 + H2O?

A

H2O + CO2 → H2CO3 → H+ + CO2-3

33
Q

What is the aprox. residence time of Na and Cl?

A

100 million years

34
Q

How can is an element is being removed fast from the system?

A

Its residence time is much faster than the mixing time fo the ocean

35
Q

Where is runoff the highest?

A

In the tropics (highest precipitation)

36
Q

Name 2 boundary conditions in the oceans

A

Hydrothermal vents and estuaries

37
Q

What is the weathering reaction equation?

A

CaSiO3 + H2CO3 → Ca+ + Si4+ + HCO-3 → SiO2 + CaCO3

Weathering ions is rivers Depossition

38
Q

The sediment input composition depends on what?

A

Depends on the on the geographycal region, since different regions have different rock compositions

39
Q

What region of the world produces the highest amount of sediments?

A

The indo-pacific

40
Q

When is something reduced or oxydized?

A

Reduced = Gains of electrons

Oxidized = Looses electrons

41
Q

How many photons are needed to fix 1 molecule of C?

A

8 photons!

42
Q

What limits photosynthesis in the Ocean?

A

Nutrients and Light

43
Q

What is the source of electrons in photosynthesis?

A

WATER H2O

44
Q

Describe briefly what happens during photosynthesis?

A

Light comes to P680, water gets split, electrons go off through the b6f complex, protons get pumped across the membrane into the lumen to make a proton gradient. The electrons come to the PS700, there is more light energy, and electrons get handed off to NADPH. The protons inside the lumen are used by ATP synthase to convert the energy in the gradient into ATP (photophosphorylation)

45
Q

How many NADPH and ATPs get formed in photosynthesis?

A

2 NADPH + 4 ATPs

46
Q

What are the other accesory pigments?

A

Carotenoids and Phycobiliproteins

47
Q

Why are the other pigments so important?

A

The absorb other wavelenghts than chlorophyl

48
Q

Where are those accesoty pigments?

A

The photoreaction systems have ANTENNA PIGMENTS to help increase the abiloty of the receptor to absorb lught energy

49
Q

How do the light reactions work?

A

CO2 gets fixed by being reduced and added to a sugar called Ribulose-1.5-biphosphate by the enzyme RuBisCO

50
Q

How many cycles are needed to produce a 6 Carbon Sugar?

A

6 CYCLES

51
Q

Why do phytoplankton allow themselves to be limited by the capacity of the light or dark reactions?

A
  1. Making more pigments is a waste of investment if you are never going to need it
  2. You can only make so much RuBisCO
  3. Having too many pigments is dangerous if the dark reactions can’t keep up due to free O2 radicals
52
Q

How can an organism increase it alpha?

A

Make more pigment

53
Q

How can an organism increase its Pmax?

A

Make more RuBisCO

54
Q

In a P vs. E (photosynthesis vs. light intensity) curve explain the alpha

A

The values of the slope are the alpha. This part of the curve is light-limited since more light means more photosynthesis. Inside the organis, this means that the light reactions are producing ATP and NADPH at a rate that the dark reactions can easily keep up

55
Q

In a P vs. E (photosynthesis vs. light intensity) curve explain the Ek

A

Ek is the light intensity saturating point. This means the rate of photosynthesis reached a maximum limit becuase the dark reaction are working at its maximum capacity, and can’t process ATP and NADPH any faster

56
Q

In a P vs. E (photosynthesis vs. light intensity) curve explain the Pmax

A

Pmax is the maximum rate of photosynthesis = ATP and NADPH are being consumed as they are being processed, almost at steady state

57
Q

In a P vs. E (photosynthesis vs. light intensity) curve explain the photoinhibition

A

It happens because the light reactions were still capturing light energy and trying to process electrons, but the elctron did not have a place to go because the dark reactions were not using ATP and NADPH fast enough, and the whole system collaped. The excess of electrons formed O2 radicals, damaging the photsystems and other proteins and nucleic acids. The cell has repairing mechanisms but this mechanisms also have a maximum working capacity, if they can’t repair fast enough, photoinhibition occurs

58
Q

What is an ideal solution?

A

In ideal solutions the solvent has an insignifficant effect on the reaction and the only interactions exhibited by the solutes are those of the reaction of interest

59
Q

Why does seawater NOT have an ideal behavior?

A

Because major ions are exceerting forces on each other and on the reactants and products in the chemical reaction of interest

60
Q

What is the ion strength of a solution?

A

Is the total concentration of positive and negative charges in a solution contributed by ionic solutes

61
Q

What is an acid/base reaction?

A

I a reaction with a proton donor such as H+ and a proton acceptor such as OH-

62
Q

What are non specific interactions?

A

Are electrostatic effects, for example oppositely charged ions will attract one another and ions of similar charge will repel each other

63
Q

Why do Na and Cl only experience non specific interaction?

A

Na and Cl ions are completely sorrounded by water molecules. They are so well hydrated that they experience only nonspecific interactions

64
Q

What is pH?

A

pH = -log {H+}

Activity of protons sensed by an electrode

65
Q

How are ionic strength and ideal behavior related?

A

Ideal behavior is reached at very low ionic strength and solute concentrations.

66
Q

What is the ionic strength and pH of seawater?

A

Ionic stength = 0.7

pH = 8.1

67
Q

When is a reaction favorable, unfavorable or at equilibrium?

A

Delta G = O EQULIBRIUM

Delta G < 0 FAVORABLE

Delta G > 0 UNFAVORABLE

68
Q

What is the activity coefficient?

A

In non ideal solutions the activity coefficient (gamma) is the correction factor of all the interactions between other solutes and component i

69
Q

What affects the equilibrium constant of seawater Kw?

A

Kw is affected mostly by SO2-4 and Mg2+ which form ion pairs

H+ + SO2-4 ⇔ HSO-4

OH- + Mg2+ ⇔ MgOH+

70
Q

How does pH change with photosynthesys and respiration?

A

pH increases wih Photosynthesis

pH decreases with Respiration

71
Q

What would happen if all the salts from seawater were remove in terms if the activity of H+?

A

It will mean that gamma (activity coefficient) would tend to 1 and the activity will be the same as the concentration of H+

72
Q

Eh is a meassure of what and what does it mean if it is positive or negative?

A

Eh is the voltage and can be also be expressed as the

-log{e-} = pe

If Eh is positive it means it is an exidating environment and the activity of electrons is low. If it is negative, it is a reduzing environment and the activitu of electrons in high.

73
Q

In terms if Eh what is going on in the Z-Scheme?

A

In the Z-Scheme the electron activity is high and therefore is a reduzing environment and the Eh is negative

74
Q

How do phytoplankton incorporate nitrate inside the cell?

A

Through active transport since the concentration of it is so low in seawater

75
Q

Why does it have to be such a high concentration of nitrate inside the cell?

A

Because the Nitrate Reductase has a very low affinity for the substrate so they concentrations have to be high inside the cell

76
Q

In a Micahaelis-Menten curve, what are Ks and Vmax?

A

Ks is the half-saturation concentration and Vmax is the maximum nitrate uptake. Also, Ks are often described as the affinity of the enzyme to its substrate. A lower Ks means a high affinity!

77
Q

Similar to alpha depending on the amount of pigments and Pmax depending on the amount of RuBisCO, what do Ks and Vmax depend on?

A

Ks depends on the amount of substrate available and Vmax depends on the amount of enzyme in the system

78
Q

On what type of organisms would you expect a lower Ks?

A

In organisms growing in low nutrient environments, because a lower Ks menas a higher affinity and therefore more uptake of nutrients.

79
Q

What can an oceanic phytoplankton compared to a coastal phytoplankton to increase its uptake?

A
  1. Increase the enzyme amounts at low levels on Nitrate
  2. Increase the production of the same transporter, which does not increase Ks, but increases Vmax
  3. Increse nitrate storage inside the cell

Biogeochemestry Of The Oceans (1 decks)

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