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Special Species > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary GI microflora in rabbits?

A

Gram+ Bacillus

Bacteriodes

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2
Q

What is the main VFA produced by rabbits?

A

Acetic acid

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3
Q

What % of GI content is normally in the cecum?

A

40%

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4
Q

What is the function of the vermiform appendix in rabbits?

A

Secrete bicarb to buffer cecal acids

Secrete water to form cecal paste

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5
Q

What are the normal flora in the cecum and colon of rabbits?

A

Bacillus

Bacteriodes

E. coli

Protozoa

Yeast

Clostridium

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6
Q

What part of the colon contains longitudinal folds and goblet cells?

A

3rd section (fusus coli)

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7
Q

What makes up cecotrophs?

A

Microorganisms

Amino acids

VFAs

Vitamins

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8
Q

What special property of cecotrophs allows the protein and vitamins to be absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Has a gelatinous coating that protects it

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9
Q

Tx for gut stasis in rabbits?

A

Reglan/cisapride

Probiotics

Vitamin B

Oxbow critical care diet

Simethicone for gas

Abx for diarrhea

Abdominal massage

Fluids

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10
Q

What is the best antibiotic to use in rabbits?

A

Baytril

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of respiratory disease in adult rabbits?

A

Pasteurella

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12
Q

Clinical signs of Pasteurella in rabbits?

A

Otitis

Pleuropneumonia

Bacteremia

Abscesses

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13
Q

What is an early sign of Pasteurella infection in rabbits?

A

Forepaws matted and yellow-gray

(from nasal discharge)

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14
Q

What causes fibrinous pneumonia and otitis media in rabbits?

A

Staph aureus and albus

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15
Q

What is the most likely cause of conjunctivitis in rabbits?

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

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16
Q

What disease is associated with civets (bred as exotic meat in China)?

A

SARS

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17
Q

What disease is associated wtih Gambian giant rats and prarie dogs?

A

Human monkey pox

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18
Q

What reptiles should you recommend to new pet owners?

A

Bearded dragons

Small colubrids (corn snakes, garter snakes)

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19
Q

What small mammals would you recommend to a new pet owner?

A

Ferrets

Rabbits

Guinea pigs

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20
Q

What birds would you recommend to new pet owners?

A

Finches

Canaries

Cockatiels

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21
Q

T/F: Vaccine reactions are very common in ferrets

A

True

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22
Q

Which vaccines are given to ferrets?

A

Distemper

Rabies

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23
Q

What is a drawback of putting medication in the water?

A

Dilution

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24
Q

What is a side effect of baytril in rabbits?

A

Skin sloughing

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25
Q

What area would you use for an IM injection in rabbits?

A

Lumbar

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26
Q

What type of bacteria are part of a rabbit’s intestinal flora?

A

G+

Anaerobes

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27
Q

What are side effects of using G+ anitbiotics in rabbits?

A

Dysbiosis in the gut

Diarrhea

Inappetance

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28
Q

What antibiotics are good to use in rabbits?

A

Quinolones

Sulfonamides

Chloramphenicol

Metronidazole

Azithromycin

Penicillin (injectable only)

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29
Q

What are the bad antibiotics to use in rabbits?

A

Penicillin (oral)

Lincomycin (mycins)

Amoxicillin, Clavamox, Ampicillin

Cephalosporins, Clindamycin

Erythromycin

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30
Q

What opioids are most commonly used?

A

Buprenorphine

Butorphanol

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31
Q

What small animals get hypertension from opioids? Hypotension?

A

Hyper = rabbits and mice

Hypo = ferrets and rats

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32
Q

What species is very sensitive to corticosteroids?

A

Rabbits

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33
Q

How much blood can you draw at one time in a ferret?

A

<10% blood volume

BV = 50-60 ml/kg

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34
Q

What artery is preferred when drawing blood on a rabbit?

A

Central ear artery

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35
Q

When drawing blood from small rodents, what do you replace the blood volume with?

A

0/9% NaCl

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36
Q

How much volume can you give for an IP injection in a mouse? Rat?

A

Mouse = <0.5ml

Rat = <2ml

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37
Q

What is the unique leukocyte found in guinea pigs?

A

Kurloff cell

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38
Q

What is thought to be the role of Kurloff cells in guinea pigs?

A

Create a physiological barriewr between fetus/mother

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39
Q

What virus causes diarrhea in ferrets?

A

Corona virus

ECE (epizootic catarrhal enteritis)

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40
Q

Green slime diarrhea in ferrets = ?

A

ECE

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41
Q

What ferret disease resembles FIP?

A

Ferret systemic coronavirus

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42
Q

DDx for mucoid stool in ferrets?

A

Parasites (coccidia)

Helicobacter

Campylobacter

Viral (if new additions to the group)

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43
Q

DDx for melena in ferrets?

A

FB

Hairball

Ulcers

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44
Q

What is the only species susceptible to human influenza?

A

Ferrets

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45
Q

What organisms cause pneumonia in ferrets?

A

Bordetella

Pasteurella

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46
Q

T/F: Canine distemper is fatal in ferrets

A

True

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47
Q

What should always be a differential for nasal discharge in ferrets?

A

Dental disease

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48
Q

What do female ferrets develop if they are intact and not bred?

A

Estrogen toxicity and bone marrow suppression

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49
Q

Prostatic disease in ferrets is often secondary to what?

A

Adrenal disease

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50
Q

T/F: Mast cell tumors and basal cell tumors are common in the skin of ferrets and typically metastasize

A

False

Don’t typically metastasize

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51
Q

T/F: Fibrosarcomas and sebacdous gland adenomas in ferrets metastasize

A

True

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52
Q

What is the most common cause of otitis media/interna in ferrets?

A

Pasteurella

53
Q

How does ferret adrenal disease differ from other animals?

A

They do not have PU/PD

54
Q

Why is there no PU/PD in ferrets with adrenal disease?

A

There is hypersecretion of sex hormones instead of cortisol, therefore its not cushings

55
Q

How do you diagnose adrenal disease in ferrets?

A

Serum steroid hormone concentrations

56
Q

If a ferret has a BG <70, what do you think?

A

Insulinoma

57
Q

Tx for insulinoma in ferrets?

A

Prednisone

58
Q

What causes Aleutian disease in ferrets?

A

Dormant parvovirus until times of stress

59
Q

T/F: Ferrets can’t give Aleutian disease to mink

60
Q

CS associated with Aleutian disease?

A

Chronic wasting manifestation

61
Q

Dx Aleutian disease in ferrets?

A

Hypergamaglobulinemia (>20% of total protein)

62
Q

Normal HR in ferrets?

A

180-230 BPM

63
Q

What is the most common cardiac disease in ferrets?

64
Q

What are the primary causes of ferret splenomegaly?

A

Lymphoma

Splenic neoplasia

ADV

65
Q

What are the secondary causes of ferret splenomegaly?

A

Insulinoma

Adrenal disease

Cardiac disease

Dental disease

66
Q

What is it called when there is excessive destruction of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and/or platelets?

A

Hypersplenism

67
Q

What crystals are abundant in rabbit urine?

A

Triple phosphate

Calcium carbonate

68
Q

What species has a duplex uterus?

69
Q

What is the most common cancer in rabbits?

A

Uterine adenocarcinoma

70
Q

What other organ do you want to radiograph in a rabbit with uterine adenocarcinoma?

71
Q

What type of hay should you avoid in rabbits to prevent urinary tract calculi? Which hay is better?

A

Avoid Alfalfa

Timothy is better

72
Q

What is the causative agent of rabbit syphilis?

A

Treponema cuniculi

73
Q

How is rabbit syphilis transmitted?

A

From doe to kit during parturition

74
Q

Scabs on the nose and vent of a rabbit = ?

A

Rabbit syphilis

75
Q

Tx for rabbit syphilis?

A

Long acting penicillin

76
Q

Acetone odor breath in rabbits = ?

A

Pregnancy toxemia

77
Q

Prevention of pregnancy toxemia in rabbits?

A

Do not allow breeding rabbits to become obese

78
Q

CS associated with psoroptes cuniculi in rabbits?

A

Otitis externa

Crusty exudate

Head tilt

79
Q

Rabbit with crusty, pruritic dermatitis of face, nose, lips, and external genitalia. Whats going on?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

80
Q

Rabbit has swellings arounf eyes and ear base. What is it?

A

Myxomatosis

81
Q

Cause of rabbit hemorrhagic disease?

A

Calicivirus

82
Q

CS of Rabbit calicivirus?

A

Fever

Hemorrhages

Coma in 24-48 hours

83
Q

Massive liver necrosis is associated with what disease in rabbits?

A

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (calici)

84
Q

What species requires vitamin C supplementation?

A

Guinea pigs

85
Q

Why should you not house guinea pigs with rabbits?

A

Rabbits can give guinea pigs bordetella which is fatal

86
Q

What animals is dystocia an issue in?

A

Older guinea pigs or those not bred before 8 months of age

87
Q

What is the most important CS associated with cystic ovaries in guinea pigs?

88
Q

CS of Trixicarus caviae in guinea pigs?

A

Intense pruritis

Seizure

89
Q

Poor coat quality in guinea pigs is associated with what?

A

Gyropus ovalie or Gliricola porcelli

(Lice)

90
Q

Etiology of cervical lymphadenitis aka “lumps” in guinea pigs?

A

Strep zooepidemicus

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

91
Q

What is the most common cutaneous tumor in guinea pigs?

A

Trichofolliculoma

92
Q

What can cause choke in chinchillas?

A

Raisins, nuts, fruits

Bedding

Placentas

93
Q

Where does a Listeria infection in chinchillas come from?

A

Feeding silage or moldy hay

94
Q

How would a chinchilla become infected with Baylisascaris?

A

Eating hay contaminated with raccoon feces

95
Q

T/F: Hedgehogs have a very large cecum

A

False

They have no cecum

96
Q

What large animal disease can hedgehogs get?

A

Foot and mouth disease

97
Q

T/F: Hedgehogs can get herpes from humans

A

True

Its fatal

98
Q

What is the common location for a hedgehog to get a neoplasia?

A

Around the mouth area

99
Q

What is the average age that hedgehogs get wobbly hedgehog syndrome?

100
Q

What is it called when a praitie dog has respiratory signs triggered by dentition issues?

101
Q

CS of odontoma in prairie dogs?

A

Dyspnea

Open mouth breathing

102
Q

Indications for castrating sugar gliders?

A

Population control

Self-mutilation of genitalia

Prevent bald scent gland from appearing on head at maturity

103
Q

What causes bloody nose syndrome in macaques?

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

104
Q

What species do you need to be careful with when doing a tail hold?

A

Gerbils

Rats

105
Q

What species can you use the facial vein to collect blood?

106
Q

What is the most commonly encountered side effect of oral drug administration in small rodents?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

107
Q

If a male moust is unable to urinate, what should you check?

A

Preputial abscesses

Examine genitalia for damage due to fighting with other males

108
Q

What tapeworms do rodents get?

A

Dwarf tape worm

Cat tape worm

109
Q

What infectious agents are usually the cause of rectal prolapse in rodents?

A

Pinworms

Citrobacter rodentium

Helicobacter

110
Q

What can happen if you feed gerbils a mouse diet?

A

Develop dental disease, obesity, and diabetes

111
Q

What is the cause of “wet tail” in hamsters?

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

112
Q

What causes Tyzzer’s disease in gerbils, hamsters, and mice?

A

Clostridium piliforme

113
Q

CS of Tyzzer’s disease?

A

Dehydration

Unkempt

Diarrhea

Death due to severe hepatic necrosis

114
Q

What are some predetermining factors for a rodent getting Tyzzers?

A

Over crowding

Poor sanitation

Over heating

Parasites

Poor diet

115
Q

What is the function of the Steno’s gland in rats?

A

Watery secretion at the nose to humidify inspired air and regulate mucous viscosity

116
Q

What causes red tears in rodents?

A

Porphyrins

Harderian gland located behind the eye

117
Q

Why are ammonia levels in rodent cages so important?

A

If the levels get too high it can cause respiratory disease

118
Q

What infection can manifest as a chronic respiratory disease as well as in the genital tract?

A

Mycoplasmosis

Very difficult to get rid of

119
Q

What virus can exacerbate M. pulmonis infection in rats, mice and hamsters?

A

Sendai virus (paramyxovirus)

120
Q

How does Corynebacterium manifest in rats and mice?

A

Rats = respiratory

Mice = systemic

121
Q

What virus can affect salivary glands, LN, and cause KCS?

A

Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV)

122
Q

What are the most common mammary tumors in rats and mice?

A

Fibroadenomas (80-90%)

Adenocarcinomas (10-20%)

123
Q

Do mammary tumors in rats and mice tend to be benign or malignant?

A

Mice = malignant

Rats = benign

124
Q

What is a common cause of death in aged male rats?

A

Rat urologic syndrome

125
Q

What is the difference between a mouse and rat spay?

A

No ligation necessary in mice

126
Q

What causes barbering in mice?

A

Dominant female mouse nibbles off whiskers and hair of subservient cage mates

127
Q

What causes facial eczema or “sore nose” in gerbils?

A

Increase in harderian gland secretions which is irritating to the skin

128
Q

What is a good way to prevent facial eczema or “sore nose”?

A

Keep the humidity low

129
Q

What causes gerbile seizure disorder? How old are they?

A

Sudden stress, handling, new environment, noise

2-6 months old

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