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a & p 2 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cornea, lens, and vitreous chamber are what kind of structures?

A

transparent structures

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2
Q

Na + (taste sensation)

A

salty

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3
Q

acidic compounds (taste sensation)

A

sour

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4
Q

Retina, Iris, ciliary body, and a Choroid are what kind of structures?

A

opaque structures

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5
Q

Sugars, some other carbohydrates, and some proteins (taste sensation)

A

Sweet

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6
Q

Alkaloids/base compounds (taste sensation)

A

Bitter

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7
Q

Amino acid glutamate and related compounds (taste sensation)

A

Umami

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8
Q

Artificial sweeteners (taste sensation)

A

Sweet

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9
Q

Beef (taste sensation)

A

Umami

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10
Q

Sensory nerve signals fro some viscera can be perceived as originating from another location. This is known as ______ pain.

A

Referred pain

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11
Q

The center of the retina is a pit called the _______

A

Fovea centralis

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12
Q

The cells that are photoreceptors (detect color) are _____

A

Cones

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13
Q

In low light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual acuity is best in the ____ of the eye

A

Corners

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14
Q

In bright light conditions, visual acuity is best when light is focused on the ____ of the eye

A

Center

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15
Q

A single ganglion cell outside of the fovea receives input from _____ rod(s)

A

Multiple

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16
Q

Each one synapses with ____ ganglion cell(s)

A

One

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17
Q

Match the stimulus to the type of sensory receptor.

Carbon dioxide

A

Chemoreceptors

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18
Q

Match the stimulus to the type of sensory receptor.

Glow-stick

A

Photoreceptors

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19
Q

Match the stimulus to the type of sensory receptor.

Touch

A

Mechanoreceptor

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20
Q

Match the stimulus to the type of sensory receptor.

A burn

A

Nociceptor

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21
Q

Match the stimulus to the type of sensory receptor.

A hot oven

A

Thermoreceptor

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22
Q

Smelling of a flower, seeing a rainbow, and feeling the wind are all examples of what?

A

A stimulus

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23
Q

Recognize a favorite color, realize a plate is hot, recognize a friends voice are all examples of what?

A

A sensation

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24
Q

Each visual field is divided into three parts; central, temporal, and nasal. (T,F)

A

False

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25
Q

Light fro each part of a visual field projects to the same side of the retina except for the central part which projects to both. (T,F)

A

False

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26
Q

An optic nerve consists of axons extending. From the retina to the optic chasm (T,F)

A

True

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27
Q

How does light affect rhodopsin?

A

It dissociates rhodopsin and changes 11-cis- retina, to all-trans-retinal

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28
Q

Damage to one eye will result in

A

A lack of depth perception

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29
Q

Our body responds to the osmolarity of our blood plasma, but we are not consciously aware of it. Because we respond but are not aware, this is an example of a sensation, but not a stimulus. (T,F)

A

False

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30
Q

Our ability to precisely locate a stimulus is ____ proportional to receptive field size.

A

Inversely

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31
Q

In general, you become unaware of the shirt on your back because your touch receptors

A

Undergo adaptation

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32
Q

Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from interns, organs?

A

Interoceptors

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33
Q

These receptors detect specific molecules in our external and internal environments

A

Chemoreceptors

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34
Q

These receptors respond to changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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35
Q

Blood carries oxygen to the tissues of the body; move,net of urea to the kidneys; movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissue to the lungs

A

Transportation of blood

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36
Q

Formed elements help destroy pathogens; globulins sequester and contribute to the elimination of infectious agents

A

Protection of blood

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37
Q

Bicarbonate buffers acids and bases

A

Regulation of blood

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38
Q

Transport respiratory gases

A

Erythrocyte

39
Q

Includes B- and T- cell subpopulations; destroy cancerous and virally infected cells

A

Lymphocyte

40
Q

Produce histamine and heparine; initiate the inflammatory response

A

Basophil

41
Q

Increase in number during parasitic infections

A

Eosinophil

42
Q

Differentiate into tissue macrophages

A

Monocyte

43
Q

Undamaged blood vessels; prostacyclin (blood clotting prevention)

A

Platelet repulsion

44
Q

Thrombin at normal blood flow rates (blood clotting prevention)

A

Dilution

45
Q

Deactivate thrombin; interfere with the formation of prothrombin activator; block the action of thrombin on fibrinogen; promote the action of antithrombin (blood clotting prevention)

A

Anticoagulants

46
Q

The cell fragments that area component of blood are

A

Platelets

47
Q

What are the factors that produce vascular spasms?

A

Thrombroxanes, endothenlin

48
Q

During erythropoiesis, the developing cell is referred to as a ____ during the final stage before becoming a fully mature erythrocyte.

A

Recticulocyte

49
Q

The first stage of he stasis is ____ where the damaged blood vessels constricts suddenly.

A

Vascular spasm

50
Q

The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called ____?

A

Hemoglobin

51
Q

The coagulation common pathway ends with the formation of an insoluble ____ polymer that will serve as the framework for the clot.

A

Fibrin

52
Q

What term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocyte sand antibodies?

A

Protection

53
Q

The temperature of blood is about ___ than measured body temperature

A

1 degree C higher

54
Q

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

A

Erythrocytes in the blood

55
Q

Leukocytes are the ____ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have _____

A

Largest; prominent nuclei

56
Q

How many globins ( protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecules?

A

4

57
Q

The life span of an erythrocyte is about ____ days

A

120

58
Q

Which is going to result in significant agglutination?

A

Donor is type AB, recipient type is B

59
Q

The main functions of leukocytes is to

A

Defend against pathogens

60
Q

Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes

A

Basophils

61
Q

Unidirectional flow in the heart is ensured because the heart contains ___ that prevent back flow

A

Valves

62
Q

In the right atrium, the auricle and anterior wall exhibit obvious muscular ridges called

A

Pectinate muscles

63
Q

Development of the heart begins in the ____ week of embryonic development

A

Third

64
Q

Oxygenated blood flows from the ____ _____ to the ____ ____ before being pumped into the systemic circulation

A

Left atrium ; left ventricle

65
Q

If the right ventricle begins to pump an increased amount of blood, this soon arrives at the left ventricle, stretches it more than before, and causes it to increase its stroke volume and match that of the right. This is an example of what?

A

Preload

66
Q

The right side of the heart pumps blood through vessels to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through the ____ circulation

A

Pulmonary

67
Q

When blood is flowing out of the left ventricle, the bicuspid valve is ___ and the aortic semilunar valve is _____

A

Closed ; open

68
Q

The ____ is a low pitched sound caused by vibration of the atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid as the valves close at the beginning of ventricular systole

A

First heart sound

69
Q

Cell-to-cell junctions, called intercalated discs, contain distinct structural features called gap junctions and ___?

A

Desmosomes

70
Q

The AV valves open to allow blood to enter the ventricles from the atria; the semilunar valves open to allow blood to flow into the large arteries; the AVA valves close to prevent back flow of blood into the atria.

A

Ventricular systole

71
Q

What are the individual ion contributions to the resting membrane potential (RMP) of the SA node nodal cells?

A

Greater concentration of Na+ outside the cell
Calcium (Ca2+) gradient with more calcium outside the cell
Greater concentration of K+ inside the cell

72
Q

SA nodal cells are unique in that they exhibit autorhymicity, meaning they are capable of depolarizing and firing an action potential spontaneously without any external influence. (T,F)

A

True

73
Q

What are the ion channels associated with cardiac muscle cells?

A

Calcium pumps that concentrate more calcium outside the cell
Voltage-gated potassium channels
Fast voltage-gated sodium channels
Sodium/potassium pumps

74
Q

What influences autonomic reflex activity from the cardiac center

A

Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Atrial stretch

75
Q

Leukocytes are the most ____

A

Largest, prominent nuclei

76
Q

Iron, lactic acid, and lipids are all considered to be nutrients in blood. (T,F)

A

True

77
Q

The production of platelets is called _____

A

Thrombopoiesis

78
Q

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called ?

A

Hemopoiesis

79
Q

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of ?

A

Monocytes from monoblasts

80
Q

What are the most numerous of the Leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils

81
Q

Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?

A

Basophils

82
Q

The first phase of hemostasis involves ?

A

Blood vessel constriction

83
Q

In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be?

A

Decreased in number and less efficient

84
Q

What would cause a decrease in cardiac output?

A

An increase in afterload

85
Q

The ______ cardiac vein travels alongside the right Martina, artery

A

Small

86
Q

Large doses of certain stimulates can lead to dangerous increases in ?

A

Positive chronotropic agent

87
Q

The property that allows the heart to initiate each heartbeat itself is called ___?

A

Autorhymicity

88
Q

The atrioventricular (AV) node is located in the

A

Floor of the right atrium

89
Q

Most of the calcium that triggers contraction of cardiac muscle comes

A

From the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cell

90
Q

The heart valves

A

Permit the passage of blood in one direction

91
Q

Which feature permits the compression necessary to pump large volumes of blood ?

A

Arrangement of cardiac muscle in the heart wall

92
Q

Deep to the inter-ventricular sulci is the thick muscular wall that divides the heart

A

Septum

93
Q

A reduced number of leukocytes causes a serious disorder called

A

Leukopenia

a & p 2 (1 decks)

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