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Castro Sociology 101 SELU > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

August Comte was known as what?

A

Pope of Sociology

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2
Q

What was Comte?

A

An Athiest

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3
Q

What did Comte think one day sociology would do?

A

replace religion

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4
Q

the belief that the world is the best understood through scientific inquiry.

A

positivism

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5
Q

what were comtes THREE stages of development of human civilization

A

theological stage
metaphysical
rational stage

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6
Q

super natural human condition are based on supernatural

A

theological stage

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7
Q

abstract philosophical speculation, magic

A

metaphysical

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8
Q

positive stage, scientific

A

rational stage

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9
Q

what are Comtes TWO functional questions about social life?

A

1: social dynamics

2: social statics

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10
Q

what does Comte argue?

A

without inventing religion and God no one could be moral

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11
Q

Comte theorized societies progressed in SEVERAL ways, what were they

A

theological
metaphysical
positivist

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12
Q

theological

A

ruled by religion

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13
Q

metaphysical is ruled by

A

ruled by philosophy

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14
Q

positivist is ruled by

A

ruled by SCIENCE

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15
Q

what did Comte help establish and what were the subjects?

A

he helped establish that the world could be subjective between

1: systematic investigation
2: scientific investigation

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16
Q

What did Hebert Spencer see society as?

A

an organic analogy

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17
Q

belief that societies are like organisms

A

organic analogy

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18
Q

what did spencer believe in?

A

theory in general evolution and biological equivalent

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19
Q

what did spencer see society as?

A

he saw the interest of society as one organism

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20
Q

what is social inequality a reflection of?

A

natural evolutional phenomena

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21
Q

Spencer’s ideological justification

A

classism
sexism
racism

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22
Q

classism

A

greater social class can control the lesser social class

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23
Q

sexism

A

men are more superior than women

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24
Q

racism

A

one color is more superior than the other

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25
Q

what did spencer have a central idea for?

A

Functionalism

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26
Q

what is good for the singular is good for the plural

A

Functionalism

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27
Q

what did spencer do?

A

he compared society to organisms

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28
Q

what is spencer’s theory known as today

A

Social darwinism

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29
Q

society is made up of separate parts each with their own function but work together to sustain the entire organism

A

what is biological equivalent?

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30
Q

spencer believed in “survival fittest” which was a phrase from what

A

Natural selection

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31
Q

Emily Durkheim was___?

A

french sociologist and the most important sociologist

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32
Q

Durkheim believed in?

A

Social Cohesion (social solidarity)

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33
Q

Durkheim says that the manifestation of humans is?

A

Socially based not biologically based

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34
Q

conditions that exist outside the individual but don’t control individuals

A

Social facts

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35
Q

social cohesion based on shared experiences and a common identity with limited individually

A

mechanical solidarity

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36
Q

economic independence resultant from the division of labor

A

organic solidarity

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37
Q

social norms no longer effect guides or behavior

A

anomie

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38
Q

what happens without anomie?

A

no moral guidance

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39
Q

first empirical study Durkheim did

A

suicide

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40
Q

what are the indication of social cohesion

A 
survivors
marriage status
employment 
membership in guilds
religious affiliations
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41
Q

what makes people commit suicide?

A

person’s degree of social cohesion

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42
Q

collective bonds that connect individuals

A

social solidarity

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43
Q

people specialize in different tasks, each requiring specific skills

A

division of labor

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44
Q

What kind of theorist was Karl Marx?

A

Conflict Theorist

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45
Q

a person’s social class determines their place

A

conflict theorist

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46
Q

take your like to protect someone else

A

altruistic suicide

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47
Q

pretend to kill someone or something to save it

A

altruistic attack

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48
Q

large group of people unified by their similar economic circumstances

A

social class

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49
Q

income producing property

A

means of production

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50
Q

existing set of power arrangements

A

status quo

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51
Q

what is Marx dialect

A

social change is internally imitated and inevitable as long as there are social class

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52
Q

Marx was what kind of historian

A

German

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53
Q

Marx helped us understand

A

social class

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54
Q

What did Marx do?

A

define people by social class

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55
Q

Who did Marx study under?

A

Haigle and his dialect model

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56
Q

What kind of thinker was Marx?

A

revolutionary thinker

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57
Q

What did Marx combined his writing with

A

political activism

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58
Q

What did Marx theorize

A

that the exploitation of workers would eventually become so extreme it’d throw the capitalist off

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59
Q

What did Marx argue about economic power

A

that economic power could be used to influence others aspects of life

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60
Q

Max Weber is what kind of theorist

A

a German conflict theorist

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61
Q

Weber fears that modern society

A

will only be able to engage in meaningful action only in large organizations

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62
Q

Weber argues that culture beliefs

A

influence economic development

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63
Q

Weber sometimes tries to understand ___ by doing ___

A

tries to understand social action by viewing it from the perspective of the actor

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64
Q

sociological economic status combines measures of _________

A

education occupation and income

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65
Q

ethongraphy

A

field research

material conducted over long periods of time

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66
Q

beliefs and customs often charged with emotions

A

tradition

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67
Q

use of reason and logical calculation to achieve a goal as efficiently as possible

A

rationality

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68
Q

Talcott Parsons

A

functionalist and a conversatival

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69
Q

Parsons functions of adolescent rebellion are?

A

1: form attitudes
2: tastes
3: opinions
4: preferences

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70
Q

Parson saw society as a

A

complex system made up as independent parts

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71
Q

what extends youth to Parson

A

going to college
going to gradschool
becoming a university professor

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72
Q

growing into adolescents and form own family or procreation

A

family orientation

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73
Q

System Theory

A

can’t test it, no useful

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74
Q

What did Parson come up with?

A

System Theory

75
Q

Robert Merton is what

A

functionalist and survivability

76
Q

Merton reminds us that

A

even though some phenomena are persistent they can be dysfunctional

77
Q

dysfunctional

A

distracts from order

78
Q

manifest functions

A

over intended function of institutions

79
Q

latent functions

A

unregularly functions (ignored)

80
Q

culture

A

consists of everything that humans make know and share tangible or intangible

81
Q

artifacts

A

everything a human creates

82
Q

material culture

A

tangible artifacts that people in a society produce, utilize, and share

83
Q

cultural universal

A

phenomena we find in any culture from a functionalism perspective believe that cultural universal must be functional for society

84
Q

non-material culture

A

abstract, intangible human creations that influence and effect peoples behavior

85
Q

Pyramid of non-material culture

A

characteristics common to all cultures

86
Q

pyramid of non-material culture from top to bottom

A 
laws
norms
values
beliefs
language
symbols
87
Q

laws

A

formal norms that have been legislated into codes and are enforced by formal sanctions

88
Q

norms

A

shared expectations for behavior that are situations, contextually and culturally

89
Q

two types of norms

A

mores

folkways

90
Q

Mores

A

moral components sanctions response to norm validation

91
Q

folkways

A

day to day behavior, how you dress, the way one acts

92
Q

values

A

widely shared ideas what is appropriate or inappropriate in society

93
Q

beliefs

A

statement about fact that may or may not be correct

94
Q

language

A

complex set of symbol

s that is used to think and communicate with others

95
Q

symbols

A

anything that meaningfully represents something else

96
Q

functional

A

contributing to balance, order, and stability of a society, and to the survivability of a society as a whole

97
Q

Merton says that culture gives us a sense of ___?

A

a sense of continuity with the past and if its always changing.

98
Q

cultural diffusion

A

reference to when elements of one culture is found in another

99
Q

cultural imperialism

A

attempting to build an empire

100
Q

transvalution

A

particular phenomena that means one thin and overtime is changes

101
Q

cultural lag-time

A

period between material cultural changes and non material cultural changes

102
Q

cultural interversal

A

nomina found in all cultures functional

103
Q

cultural relativism

A

judging nother culture on its own norms, values, and standards

104
Q

high culture

A

activities, art form, sports and entertainment that primarily interest to high class

105
Q

popular culture

A

activities, art form, sports and entertainment that primarily interest to working class

106
Q

subculture

A

large group of people in a society that shares norms, belief, values, and practices that is different from the large group

107
Q

cultural shock

A

found in setting from another

108
Q

Pierre Bourdieu believed in

A

culture capital theory

109
Q

Bourdieu says that high culture is

A

elite class implies high culture as an exclusionary to ensure endogamy

110
Q

Charles Horton Cooley invented

A

looking through glass theory

111
Q

Cooley is

A

reflexivity

112
Q

Cooley states out interactions with others involve three steps that forge our sense of self, what are they

A

Look in mirror
go into public
form a self concept

113
Q

look in mirror

A

what we think we see

114
Q

go into public

A

what others think of us

115
Q

form a self concept

A

without human contact

116
Q

sense of self

A

collection of thoughts and feelings you have when considering yourself as an object

117
Q

role

A

sets of behavioral expectations that are linked to a particular status

118
Q

role strain

A

when two roles that are linked become temporarily incompatible

119
Q

role conflict

A

when opposition between statuses

120
Q

George Hebert Meade created

A

“The self”

121
Q

Meade says the self is

A

acquired them role taking

122
Q

Role taking stages

A

preparatory stage
play stage
game stage

123
Q

preparatory stage

A

imitate others around you

around ages 0-3

124
Q

play stage

A

pretending to be something (army, mommy at story)

around ages 3-5

125
Q

game stage

A

interact in team sports

126
Q

role taking

A

temporary assuming the role of another to better understand another’s view

127
Q

Freud is known as

A

physco-analysis

128
Q

what is the “I”

A

spontaneous, subjective, outward acting

129
Q

what is the “me”

A

observant, measure, objective

130
Q

to be a sociopath you lack the

A

me

131
Q

language skills

A

imitate not only what they say, but what they do in a certain area

132
Q

generalized others

A

wide away of specific siuations

133
Q

super ego

A

internalization of cultural inhibitions

134
Q

ID

A

the pleasure principle

135
Q

to be psychopath you lack

A

super ego

136
Q

What was John Calvin’s formula for maybe getting into heaven

A

work hard
be productive
live clean life

137
Q

Theology of works

A

what you do on earth depicts if you go to heaven or hell

138
Q

Calvinist Theology

A

explains and discuss the impact of the belief in “predestination” on the mode of production and other economic arrangements

139
Q

What is the protestant work ethic

A

work hard
be productive
live clean life

140
Q

elect

A

small amount of people going to heaven

141
Q

omnipotent

A

God has all power, humans are powerless

142
Q

omnipresent

A

God is everywhere

143
Q

Omniscient

A

God knows all

144
Q

What are people?

A

Actors

145
Q

Civil actors

A

seeking attention

146
Q

Simmel’s three types of interaction

A

dyed
triad
party

147
Q

Dyed

A

group of two

148
Q

dynamics of dyed

A

Each actor is delivering a performance exclusively for an audience of one
Each actor can divide all attention to the other actors
Only interaction that intimacy can be fostered
Conflict can be greatest

149
Q

triad

A

group of three

150
Q

dynamics of triad

A

one actors is always partially excluded at all times

151
Q

party

A

group of 4 or more

152
Q

dynamics of party

A

there is no meaningful communication

distribution of attention is greater

153
Q

Simmel’s work was recognized _____

A

posthumously

154
Q

reality

A

something that is subjectively held in each of our individual consciousness’s

155
Q

Social Construction of Reality

A

assign meaning to the world individually and subjectively, but within social context

156
Q

phenomena in the world have ____ or ____ meaning

A

“intrinsic” or “inherent”

157
Q

three paradigms

A

functionalism
conflict theory
symbolic interactionism

158
Q

a complex balance of specialized institutions that function independently and interpedently to manage societies task and needs

A

functionalism

159
Q

a near continuous series of struggle s between groups competing of power or some re-arrangement of the “power structure”

A

conflict theory

160
Q

society is the sum of individuals interacting with one another directly and indirectly

A

symbolic interactionism

161
Q

Peter Berger is a

A

social construction of reality

162
Q

Who wrote “The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life”

A

Erving Goffman

163
Q

Goffman’s theoretical frame

A

dramaturgical analysis

164
Q

application of the terms and concept of the theatre to the analysis of day to day life

A

Dramaturgical Analysis

165
Q

shared definition of a situation

A

consensus

166
Q

actors work together to maintain_____

A

consensus

167
Q

Goffman argues the process of _____

A

impression management

168
Q

attempting to foster favorable impression of one’s “self” in the mind of others with whom one interacts

A

Impression management

169
Q

a notion consistent with the outcome(s) the actors wished to accomplish or achieve

A

Favorable Impression

170
Q

Goffman says that we are all _____

A

actors

171
Q

one who believes in the role he or she is playing and that he or she has convinced the audience of their role

A

Sincere Performances

172
Q

one which we intentionally misinform the audience

A

Insincere Performances

173
Q

what is it called if you are doing insincere performances for money

A

“running a con”

174
Q

half-hearted, or otherwise characterized by cynicism

A

Cynical Performances

175
Q

an actors planted in the audience to give the performance validity

A

shill

176
Q

any and everything that we use to convey information about ourselves to other

A

sign equipment or sign vehicles

177
Q

two types of sign vehicles/equipment

A

expression given

expression given-off

178
Q

expression given

A

which the actor claims to be the truth about themselves

179
Q

expression given -off

A

all other information that can be gleaned from the actors

180
Q

in character

A

front-stage region

181
Q

where we practice and critique our performance

A

back-stage region

182
Q

avoiding embarrassment

A

maintaining “face”

183
Q

falling out of character, having the legitimacy of the character fall into doubt

A

losing face

Castro Sociology 101 SELU (2 decks)

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