Exam 1 Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
August Comte was known as what?
A
Pope of Sociology
2
Q
What was Comte?
A
An Athiest
3
Q
What did Comte think one day sociology would do?
A
replace religion
4
Q
the belief that the world is the best understood through scientific inquiry.
A
positivism
5
Q
what were comtes THREE stages of development of human civilization
A
theological stage
metaphysical
rational stage
6
Q
super natural human condition are based on supernatural
A
theological stage
7
Q
abstract philosophical speculation, magic
A
metaphysical
8
Q
positive stage, scientific
A
rational stage
9
Q
what are Comtes TWO functional questions about social life?
A
1: social dynamics
2: social statics
10
Q
what does Comte argue?
A
without inventing religion and God no one could be moral
11
Q
Comte theorized societies progressed in SEVERAL ways, what were they
A
theological
metaphysical
positivist
12
Q
theological
A
ruled by religion
13
Q
metaphysical is ruled by
A
ruled by philosophy
14
Q
positivist is ruled by
A
ruled by SCIENCE
15
Q
what did Comte help establish and what were the subjects?
A
he helped establish that the world could be subjective between
1: systematic investigation
2: scientific investigation
16
Q
What did Hebert Spencer see society as?
A
an organic analogy
17
Q
belief that societies are like organisms
A
organic analogy
18
Q
what did spencer believe in?
A
theory in general evolution and biological equivalent
19
Q
what did spencer see society as?
A
he saw the interest of society as one organism
20
Q
what is social inequality a reflection of?
A
natural evolutional phenomena
21
Q
Spencer’s ideological justification
A
classism
sexism
racism
22
Q
classism
A
greater social class can control the lesser social class
23
Q
sexism
A
men are more superior than women
24
Q
racism
A
one color is more superior than the other
25
what did spencer have a central idea for?
Functionalism
26
what is good for the singular is good for the plural
Functionalism
27
what did spencer do?
he compared society to organisms
28
what is spencer's theory known as today
Social darwinism
29
society is made up of separate parts each with their own function but work together to sustain the entire organism
what is biological equivalent?
30
spencer believed in "survival fittest" which was a phrase from what
Natural selection
31
Emily Durkheim was___?
french sociologist and the most important sociologist
32
Durkheim believed in?
Social Cohesion (social solidarity)
33
Durkheim says that the manifestation of humans is?
Socially based not biologically based
34
conditions that exist outside the individual but don't control individuals
Social facts
35
social cohesion based on shared experiences and a common identity with limited individually
mechanical solidarity
36
economic independence resultant from the division of labor
organic solidarity
37
social norms no longer effect guides or behavior
anomie
38
what happens without anomie?
no moral guidance
39
first empirical study Durkheim did
suicide
40
what are the indication of social cohesion
```
survivors
marriage status
employment
membership in guilds
religious affiliations
```
41
what makes people commit suicide?
person's degree of social cohesion
42
collective bonds that connect individuals
social solidarity
43
people specialize in different tasks, each requiring specific skills
division of labor
44
What kind of theorist was Karl Marx?
Conflict Theorist
45
a person's social class determines their place
conflict theorist
46
take your like to protect someone else
altruistic suicide
47
pretend to kill someone or something to save it
altruistic attack
48
large group of people unified by their similar economic circumstances
social class
49
income producing property
means of production
50
existing set of power arrangements
status quo
51
what is Marx dialect
social change is internally imitated and inevitable as long as there are social class
52
Marx was what kind of historian
German
53
Marx helped us understand
social class
54
What did Marx do?
define people by social class
55
Who did Marx study under?
Haigle and his dialect model
56
What kind of thinker was Marx?
revolutionary thinker
57
What did Marx combined his writing with
political activism
58
What did Marx theorize
that the exploitation of workers would eventually become so extreme it'd throw the capitalist off
59
What did Marx argue about economic power
that economic power could be used to influence others aspects of life
60
Max Weber is what kind of theorist
a German conflict theorist
61
Weber fears that modern society
will only be able to engage in meaningful action only in large organizations
62
Weber argues that culture beliefs
influence economic development
63
Weber sometimes tries to understand ___ by doing ___
tries to understand social action by viewing it from the perspective of the actor
64
sociological economic status combines measures of _________
education occupation and income
65
ethongraphy
field research
| material conducted over long periods of time
66
beliefs and customs often charged with emotions
tradition
67
use of reason and logical calculation to achieve a goal as efficiently as possible
rationality
68
Talcott Parsons
functionalist and a conversatival
69
Parsons functions of adolescent rebellion are?
1: form attitudes
2: tastes
3: opinions
4: preferences
70
Parson saw society as a
complex system made up as independent parts
71
what extends youth to Parson
going to college
going to gradschool
becoming a university professor
72
growing into adolescents and form own family or procreation
family orientation
73
System Theory
can't test it, no useful
74
What did Parson come up with?
System Theory
75
Robert Merton is what
functionalist and survivability
76
Merton reminds us that
even though some phenomena are persistent they can be dysfunctional
77
dysfunctional
distracts from order
78
manifest functions
over intended function of institutions
79
latent functions
unregularly functions (ignored)
80
culture
consists of everything that humans make know and share tangible or intangible
81
artifacts
everything a human creates
82
material culture
tangible artifacts that people in a society produce, utilize, and share
83
cultural universal
phenomena we find in any culture from a functionalism perspective believe that cultural universal must be functional for society
84
non-material culture
abstract, intangible human creations that influence and effect peoples behavior
85
Pyramid of non-material culture
characteristics common to all cultures
86
pyramid of non-material culture from top to bottom
```
laws
norms
values
beliefs
language
symbols
```
87
laws
formal norms that have been legislated into codes and are enforced by formal sanctions
88
norms
shared expectations for behavior that are situations, contextually and culturally
89
two types of norms
mores
| folkways
90
Mores
moral components sanctions response to norm validation
91
folkways
day to day behavior, how you dress, the way one acts
92
values
widely shared ideas what is appropriate or inappropriate in society
93
beliefs
statement about fact that may or may not be correct
94
language
complex set of symbol
| s that is used to think and communicate with others
95
symbols
anything that meaningfully represents something else
96
functional
contributing to balance, order, and stability of a society, and to the survivability of a society as a whole
97
Merton says that culture gives us a sense of ___?
a sense of continuity with the past and if its always changing.
98
cultural diffusion
reference to when elements of one culture is found in another
99
cultural imperialism
attempting to build an empire
100
transvalution
particular phenomena that means one thin and overtime is changes
101
cultural lag-time
period between material cultural changes and non material cultural changes
102
cultural interversal
nomina found in all cultures functional
103
cultural relativism
judging nother culture on its own norms, values, and standards
104
high culture
activities, art form, sports and entertainment that primarily interest to high class
105
popular culture
activities, art form, sports and entertainment that primarily interest to working class
106
subculture
large group of people in a society that shares norms, belief, values, and practices that is different from the large group
107
cultural shock
found in setting from another
108
Pierre Bourdieu believed in
culture capital theory
109
Bourdieu says that high culture is
elite class implies high culture as an exclusionary to ensure endogamy
110
Charles Horton Cooley invented
looking through glass theory
111
Cooley is
reflexivity
112
Cooley states out interactions with others involve three steps that forge our sense of self, what are they
Look in mirror
go into public
form a self concept
113
look in mirror
what we think we see
114
go into public
what others think of us
115
form a self concept
without human contact
116
sense of self
collection of thoughts and feelings you have when considering yourself as an object
117
role
sets of behavioral expectations that are linked to a particular status
118
role strain
when two roles that are linked become temporarily incompatible
119
role conflict
when opposition between statuses
120
George Hebert Meade created
"The self"
121
Meade says the self is
acquired them role taking
122
Role taking stages
preparatory stage
play stage
game stage
123
preparatory stage
imitate others around you
| around ages 0-3
124
play stage
pretending to be something (army, mommy at story)
| around ages 3-5
125
game stage
interact in team sports
126
role taking
temporary assuming the role of another to better understand another's view
127
Freud is known as
physco-analysis
128
what is the "I"
spontaneous, subjective, outward acting
129
what is the "me"
observant, measure, objective
130
to be a sociopath you lack the
me
131
language skills
imitate not only what they say, but what they do in a certain area
132
generalized others
wide away of specific siuations
133
super ego
internalization of cultural inhibitions
134
ID
the pleasure principle
135
to be psychopath you lack
super ego
136
What was John Calvin's formula for maybe getting into heaven
work hard
be productive
live clean life
137
Theology of works
what you do on earth depicts if you go to heaven or hell
138
Calvinist Theology
explains and discuss the impact of the belief in "predestination" on the mode of production and other economic arrangements
139
What is the protestant work ethic
work hard
be productive
live clean life
140
elect
small amount of people going to heaven
141
omnipotent
God has all power, humans are powerless
142
omnipresent
God is everywhere
143
Omniscient
God knows all
144
What are people?
Actors
145
Civil actors
seeking attention
146
Simmel's three types of interaction
dyed
triad
party
147
Dyed
group of two
148
dynamics of dyed
Each actor is delivering a performance exclusively for an audience of one
Each actor can divide all attention to the other actors
Only interaction that intimacy can be fostered
Conflict can be greatest
149
triad
group of three
150
dynamics of triad
one actors is always partially excluded at all times
151
party
group of 4 or more
152
dynamics of party
there is no meaningful communication
| distribution of attention is greater
153
Simmel's work was recognized _____
posthumously
154
reality
something that is subjectively held in each of our individual consciousness's
155
Social Construction of Reality
assign meaning to the world individually and subjectively, but within social context
156
phenomena in the world have ____ or ____ meaning
"intrinsic" or "inherent"
157
three paradigms
functionalism
conflict theory
symbolic interactionism
158
a complex balance of specialized institutions that function independently and interpedently to manage societies task and needs
functionalism
159
a near continuous series of struggle s between groups competing of power or some re-arrangement of the "power structure"
conflict theory
160
society is the sum of individuals interacting with one another directly and indirectly
symbolic interactionism
161
Peter Berger is a
social construction of reality
162
Who wrote "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life"
Erving Goffman
163
Goffman's theoretical frame
dramaturgical analysis
164
application of the terms and concept of the theatre to the analysis of day to day life
Dramaturgical Analysis
165
shared definition of a situation
consensus
166
actors work together to maintain_____
consensus
167
Goffman argues the process of _____
impression management
168
attempting to foster favorable impression of one's "self" in the mind of others with whom one interacts
Impression management
169
a notion consistent with the outcome(s) the actors wished to accomplish or achieve
Favorable Impression
170
Goffman says that we are all _____
actors
171
one who believes in the role he or she is playing and that he or she has convinced the audience of their role
Sincere Performances
172
one which we intentionally misinform the audience
Insincere Performances
173
what is it called if you are doing insincere performances for money
"running a con"
174
half-hearted, or otherwise characterized by cynicism
Cynical Performances
175
an actors planted in the audience to give the performance validity
shill
176
any and everything that we use to convey information about ourselves to other
sign equipment or sign vehicles
177
two types of sign vehicles/equipment
expression given
| expression given-off
178
expression given
which the actor claims to be the truth about themselves
179
expression given -off
all other information that can be gleaned from the actors
180
in character
front-stage region
181
where we practice and critique our performance
back-stage region
182
avoiding embarrassment
maintaining "face"
183
falling out of character, having the legitimacy of the character fall into doubt
losing face
