Exam 1

Question 1

Which muscle fibers are aerobic and which are anaerobic?

Answer 1

Aerobic = Type 1 and 2A

Anaerobic = Type 2x

Question 2

What types of wounds can be closed by primary closure?

Answer 2

Clean wounds

Clean-contaminated wounds

Question 3

What size needle should you use for IM injections?

Answer 3

18-20G 1.5” needle

Question 4

What are the landmarks for semi-tendinosus/membranosus injections?

Answer 4

One hand’s width below tuber ischia

One hand’s width above start of gastrocnemius tendon

Outside thigh

Question 5

What are the most important clinical manifestations of compromised organ perfusion in the horse with endotoxemia?

Answer 5

GIT - ileus and colic

MSQ - laminitis

Renal failure

DIC

Question 6

What is an advantage and disadvantage of IV injections with the needle pointed towards the heart?

Answer 6

Advantage: least likely to hit the carotid

Disadvantage: more difficult

Question 7

In rotational displacement, what is the tensile and shear force?

Answer 7

Tensile = DDF

Shear = Leverage of the dorsal hoof wall

Question 8

Endotoxemia is associated with what bacteria?

Answer 8

G-

Question 9

What stage of endotoxemia: Endotoxin gains circulation and stimulates macrophages

Answer 9

Stage 2

Question 10

Which is louder? Inspiration or expiration?

Answer 10

Inspiration

Question 11

Stage of endotoxemia: Recovery without treatment

Answer 11

Stage 5

Question 12

If you palpate increased digital pulses, what can be going on?

Answer 12

Laminitis

Subsolar abscess

Fracture

Question 13

What is the normal heart rate of a horse during intense exercise?

Answer 13

220-250 bpm

Question 14

A horse is considered laminitic if the distance between the dorsal hoof wall and the dorsum of P3 is greater than what?

Answer 14

>18mm

Question 15

What is the preferred treatment for PEH?

Answer 15

Surgical ablation (laser)

Question 16

Stage of endotoxemia: Organ perfusion is compromised

Answer 16

Stage 4

Question 17

Which energy substrate is used more in high intensity exercise?

Answer 17

Glycogen

Question 18

Whap part of LPS is responsible for most of the deleterious effects of endotoxin?

Answer 18

Lipid A

Question 19

What determines the severity of the clinical response to endotoxemia?

Answer 19

MØ responsiveness

Question 20

What breeds are predisposed to PEH?

Answer 20

Thoroughbred

Warmbloods

Arabians

More common in males

Question 21

What are the landmarks for neck injections?

Answer 21

Ventral to nuchal ligament

Dorsal to lateral processes of cervical vertebrae

Cranial to leading edge of the shoulder

Question 22

What is the shock organ in humans, horses, cats, and cows?

Answer 22

Lungs

Question 23

At what percentage of glycogen depletion does the horse start burning fat?

Answer 23

20-30%

Question 24

When is endotoxin generated?

Answer 24

Death and rapid multiplication phase of G- bacteria

Question 25

By what % can a horse increase their PCV via splenic contraction?

Answer 25

50%

Question 26

How is Polymixin B effective at neutralizing endotoxins?

Answer 26

Binds to lipid A which prevents interaction with inflammatory cells

Question 27

What type of discharge is associated with GPM?

Answer 27

Serosanguinous

Question 28

What is an advantage and disadvantage to IV injection with the needle pointed towards the head?

Answer 28

Advantage: easier Disadvantage: if they react, they can pull the needle out

Question 29

What is the volume limit for semitendinosus/membranosus injections?

Answer 29

15-20cc per IM site Can have 2 sites in the same limb at one time

Question 30

Define secondary closure

Answer 30

Wound closure after granulation tissue covers the wound

Question 31

The lungs are louder on which side of the chest?

Answer 31

Right

Question 32

What is the most common treatment for endotoxemia?

Answer 32

Flunixin meglumine

Question 33

What type of energy source is used during low intensity exercise?

Answer 33

Largely aerobic - beta oxidation

Question 34

Which energy substrate is used more in low intensity?

Answer 34

Fat

Question 35

What stage of endotoxemia: Physical barriers to endotoxin breached

Answer 35

Stage 1

Question 36

What is the circulating endotoxin test?

Answer 36

Etox Dx (horse side test)

Question 37

What are the 3 broad etiologies of laminitis?

Answer 37

Sepsis Endocrinopathies Trauma/excessive weight bearing (can cause only one foot to be affected)

Question 38

What stage of endotoxemia: Neutrophils bind to endothelial cells and become activated

Answer 38

Stage 3

Question 39

What size needle is best to use for equine IV injections?

Answer 39

18G 1.5" needle

Question 40

What accounts for the leukopenia found in most horses with endotoxemia?

Answer 40

Matgination of neutrophils

Question 41

What muscle fibers are mostly found in the forelimb?

Answer 41

Type 1

Question 42

What is the preferred surgical technique for GPM?

Answer 42

Transarterial coil

Question 43

What is MABP at rest vs. exercise?

Answer 43

Rest = 100 Exercise = 220

Question 44

What are the shock organs in dogs?

Answer 44

Liver and GIT

Question 45

What is PAP at rest vs. during exercise?

Answer 45

Rest = 25-30 Exercise = 125

Question 46

What is the volume limit with neck injections?

Answer 46

10-15cc max per site

Question 47

What is the antigenic region of LPS?

Answer 47

O region

Question 48

T/F: With IV injections, you want to seed the needle to the hub

Answer 48

True

Question 49

What condition is laminitis most commonly associated with?

Answer 49

Endocrinopathies

Question 50

What muscle fibers are mostly found in the hind limb?

Answer 50

Type 2

Question 51

How long is a wound left open when doing delayed primary closure?

Answer 51

2-5 days Closed before granulation tissue is visible

Question 52

When LPS enters aqueous biologic fluids, what happens?

Answer 52

Form miccellar aggregates

Question 53

What are the predisposing factors to laminitis?

Answer 53

Obesity Insulin resistance Hyperinsulinemia Mild hypertriglyceridemia

Question 54

What part of the cell wall causes endotoxemia?

Answer 54

LPS layer

Question 55

What part of LPS is hydrophilic and what part is hydrophobic?

Answer 55

A = phobic O = philic

Question 56

What is believed to be responsible for the variability in shock organs in various species?

Answer 56

Intravascular macrophages (IVM)