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LAM 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscle fibers are aerobic and which are anaerobic?

A

Aerobic = Type 1 and 2A

Anaerobic = Type 2x

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2
Q

What types of wounds can be closed by primary closure?

A

Clean wounds

Clean-contaminated wounds

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3
Q

What size needle should you use for IM injections?

A

18-20G 1.5” needle

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4
Q

What are the landmarks for semi-tendinosus/membranosus injections?

A

One hand’s width below tuber ischia

One hand’s width above start of gastrocnemius tendon

Outside thigh

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5
Q

What are the most important clinical manifestations of compromised organ perfusion in the horse with endotoxemia?

A

GIT - ileus and colic

MSQ - laminitis

Renal failure

DIC

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6
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of IV injections with the needle pointed towards the heart?

A

Advantage: least likely to hit the carotid

Disadvantage: more difficult

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7
Q

In rotational displacement, what is the tensile and shear force?

A

Tensile = DDF

Shear = Leverage of the dorsal hoof wall

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8
Q

Endotoxemia is associated with what bacteria?

A

G-

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9
Q

What stage of endotoxemia: Endotoxin gains circulation and stimulates macrophages

A

Stage 2

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10
Q

Which is louder? Inspiration or expiration?

A

Inspiration

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11
Q

Stage of endotoxemia: Recovery without treatment

A

Stage 5

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12
Q

If you palpate increased digital pulses, what can be going on?

A

Laminitis

Subsolar abscess

Fracture

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13
Q

What is the normal heart rate of a horse during intense exercise?

A

220-250 bpm

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14
Q

A horse is considered laminitic if the distance between the dorsal hoof wall and the dorsum of P3 is greater than what?

A

>18mm

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15
Q

What is the preferred treatment for PEH?

A

Surgical ablation (laser)

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16
Q

Stage of endotoxemia: Organ perfusion is compromised

A

Stage 4

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17
Q

Which energy substrate is used more in high intensity exercise?

A

Glycogen

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18
Q

Whap part of LPS is responsible for most of the deleterious effects of endotoxin?

A

Lipid A

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19
Q

What determines the severity of the clinical response to endotoxemia?

A

MØ responsiveness

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20
Q

What breeds are predisposed to PEH?

A

Thoroughbred

Warmbloods

Arabians

More common in males

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21
Q

What are the landmarks for neck injections?

A

Ventral to nuchal ligament

Dorsal to lateral processes of cervical vertebrae

Cranial to leading edge of the shoulder

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22
Q

What is the shock organ in humans, horses, cats, and cows?

A

Lungs

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23
Q

At what percentage of glycogen depletion does the horse start burning fat?

A

20-30%

24
Q

When is endotoxin generated?

A

Death and rapid multiplication phase of G- bacteria

25
Q

By what % can a horse increase their PCV via splenic contraction?

A

50%

26
Q

How is Polymixin B effective at neutralizing endotoxins?

A

Binds to lipid A which prevents interaction with inflammatory cells

27
Q

What type of discharge is associated with GPM?

A

Serosanguinous

28
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage to IV injection with the needle pointed towards the head?

A

Advantage: easier

Disadvantage: if they react, they can pull the needle out

29
Q

What is the volume limit for semitendinosus/membranosus injections?

A

15-20cc per IM site

Can have 2 sites in the same limb at one time

30
Q

Define secondary closure

A

Wound closure after granulation tissue covers the wound

31
Q

The lungs are louder on which side of the chest?

A

Right

32
Q

What is the most common treatment for endotoxemia?

A

Flunixin meglumine

33
Q

What type of energy source is used during low intensity exercise?

A

Largely aerobic - beta oxidation

34
Q

Which energy substrate is used more in low intensity?

A

Fat

35
Q

What stage of endotoxemia: Physical barriers to endotoxin breached

A

Stage 1

36
Q

What is the circulating endotoxin test?

A

Etox Dx (horse side test)

37
Q

What are the 3 broad etiologies of laminitis?

A

Sepsis

Endocrinopathies

Trauma/excessive weight bearing (can cause only one foot to be affected)

38
Q

What stage of endotoxemia: Neutrophils bind to endothelial cells and become activated

A

Stage 3

39
Q

What size needle is best to use for equine IV injections?

A

18G 1.5” needle

40
Q

What accounts for the leukopenia found in most horses with endotoxemia?

A

Matgination of neutrophils

41
Q

What muscle fibers are mostly found in the forelimb?

A

Type 1

42
Q

What is the preferred surgical technique for GPM?

A

Transarterial coil

43
Q

What is MABP at rest vs. exercise?

A

Rest = 100

Exercise = 220

44
Q

What are the shock organs in dogs?

A

Liver and GIT

45
Q

What is PAP at rest vs. during exercise?

A

Rest = 25-30

Exercise = 125

46
Q

What is the volume limit with neck injections?

A

10-15cc max per site

47
Q

What is the antigenic region of LPS?

A

O region

48
Q

T/F: With IV injections, you want to seed the needle to the hub

A

True

49
Q

What condition is laminitis most commonly associated with?

A

Endocrinopathies

50
Q

What muscle fibers are mostly found in the hind limb?

A

Type 2

51
Q

How long is a wound left open when doing delayed primary closure?

A

2-5 days

Closed before granulation tissue is visible

52
Q

When LPS enters aqueous biologic fluids, what happens?

A

Form miccellar aggregates

53
Q

What are the predisposing factors to laminitis?

A

Obesity

Insulin resistance

Hyperinsulinemia

Mild hypertriglyceridemia

54
Q

What part of the cell wall causes endotoxemia?

A

LPS layer

55
Q

What part of LPS is hydrophilic and what part is hydrophobic?

A

A = phobic

O = philic

56
Q

What is believed to be responsible for the variability in shock organs in various species?

A

Intravascular macrophages (IVM)

LAM 1 (3 decks)

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