Exam 1 Flashcards
Which muscle fibers are aerobic and which are anaerobic?
Aerobic = Type 1 and 2A
Anaerobic = Type 2x
What types of wounds can be closed by primary closure?
Clean wounds
Clean-contaminated wounds
What size needle should you use for IM injections?
18-20G 1.5” needle
What are the landmarks for semi-tendinosus/membranosus injections?
One hand’s width below tuber ischia
One hand’s width above start of gastrocnemius tendon
Outside thigh
What are the most important clinical manifestations of compromised organ perfusion in the horse with endotoxemia?
GIT - ileus and colic
MSQ - laminitis
Renal failure
DIC
What is an advantage and disadvantage of IV injections with the needle pointed towards the heart?
Advantage: least likely to hit the carotid
Disadvantage: more difficult
In rotational displacement, what is the tensile and shear force?
Tensile = DDF
Shear = Leverage of the dorsal hoof wall
Endotoxemia is associated with what bacteria?
G-
What stage of endotoxemia: Endotoxin gains circulation and stimulates macrophages
Stage 2
Which is louder? Inspiration or expiration?
Inspiration
Stage of endotoxemia: Recovery without treatment
Stage 5
If you palpate increased digital pulses, what can be going on?
Laminitis
Subsolar abscess
Fracture
What is the normal heart rate of a horse during intense exercise?
220-250 bpm
A horse is considered laminitic if the distance between the dorsal hoof wall and the dorsum of P3 is greater than what?
>18mm
What is the preferred treatment for PEH?
Surgical ablation (laser)
Stage of endotoxemia: Organ perfusion is compromised
Stage 4
Which energy substrate is used more in high intensity exercise?
Glycogen
Whap part of LPS is responsible for most of the deleterious effects of endotoxin?
Lipid A
What determines the severity of the clinical response to endotoxemia?
MØ responsiveness
What breeds are predisposed to PEH?
Thoroughbred
Warmbloods
Arabians
More common in males
What are the landmarks for neck injections?
Ventral to nuchal ligament
Dorsal to lateral processes of cervical vertebrae
Cranial to leading edge of the shoulder
What is the shock organ in humans, horses, cats, and cows?
Lungs
At what percentage of glycogen depletion does the horse start burning fat?
20-30%
When is endotoxin generated?
Death and rapid multiplication phase of G- bacteria
By what % can a horse increase their PCV via splenic contraction?
50%
How is Polymixin B effective at neutralizing endotoxins?
Binds to lipid A which prevents interaction with inflammatory cells
What type of discharge is associated with GPM?
Serosanguinous
What is an advantage and disadvantage to IV injection with the needle pointed towards the head?
Advantage: easier
Disadvantage: if they react, they can pull the needle out
What is the volume limit for semitendinosus/membranosus injections?
15-20cc per IM site
Can have 2 sites in the same limb at one time
Define secondary closure
Wound closure after granulation tissue covers the wound
The lungs are louder on which side of the chest?
Right
What is the most common treatment for endotoxemia?
Flunixin meglumine
What type of energy source is used during low intensity exercise?
Largely aerobic - beta oxidation
Which energy substrate is used more in low intensity?
Fat
What stage of endotoxemia: Physical barriers to endotoxin breached
Stage 1
What is the circulating endotoxin test?
Etox Dx (horse side test)
What are the 3 broad etiologies of laminitis?
Sepsis
Endocrinopathies
Trauma/excessive weight bearing (can cause only one foot to be affected)
What stage of endotoxemia: Neutrophils bind to endothelial cells and become activated
Stage 3
What size needle is best to use for equine IV injections?
18G 1.5” needle
What accounts for the leukopenia found in most horses with endotoxemia?
Matgination of neutrophils
What muscle fibers are mostly found in the forelimb?
Type 1
What is the preferred surgical technique for GPM?
Transarterial coil
What is MABP at rest vs. exercise?
Rest = 100
Exercise = 220
What are the shock organs in dogs?
Liver and GIT
What is PAP at rest vs. during exercise?
Rest = 25-30
Exercise = 125
What is the volume limit with neck injections?
10-15cc max per site
What is the antigenic region of LPS?
O region
T/F: With IV injections, you want to seed the needle to the hub
True
What condition is laminitis most commonly associated with?
Endocrinopathies
What muscle fibers are mostly found in the hind limb?
Type 2
How long is a wound left open when doing delayed primary closure?
2-5 days
Closed before granulation tissue is visible
When LPS enters aqueous biologic fluids, what happens?
Form miccellar aggregates
What are the predisposing factors to laminitis?
Obesity
Insulin resistance
Hyperinsulinemia
Mild hypertriglyceridemia
What part of the cell wall causes endotoxemia?
LPS layer
What part of LPS is hydrophilic and what part is hydrophobic?
A = phobic
O = philic
What is believed to be responsible for the variability in shock organs in various species?
Intravascular macrophages (IVM)
