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ENTOM 305 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many insect species have been discovered?

A

~1 million

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2
Q

What are 5 reasons insects have been so successful?

A
  1. reproduce fast, fast development 2. flight 3. small size 4. molting, metamorphosis 5. exoskeleton
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3
Q

How are insects beneficial?

A

most commercial crop plants pollinated by insects natural enemy of many pests soil fertliization products bioindicators forensic entomology scientific knowledge

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4
Q

Examples of insects as bioindicators.

A

-stoneflies and caddisflies indicate clean water -rattail maggots (larvae of hover fly) indicate contaminated water

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5
Q

Problems with insect pests

A

injure, transmit pathogens, kill humans and animals - reduce animal weight gain and production damage food and fiber crops disease vectors - malaria, west nile

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6
Q

What are issues with responding to insect pests with chemicals?

A

environmental damage health problems insects become resistant expensive

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7
Q

What is the basis for classification?

A

SIMILARITY

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8
Q

What were the 1st traits used for classifying?

A

morphological

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9
Q

Carl Linne

A

created binomial nomenclature - Genus species

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10
Q

Taxonomic hierarchy

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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11
Q

5 Characteristics of Phylulm Arthropoda

A
  1. Exoskeleton with chitin 2. Segmented body 3. Paired, jointed appendages 4. Dorsal heart with open circulation 5. Ventral nerve cord and dorsal brain
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12
Q

Advantages of an exoskeleton

A
  1. Reduce water loss 2. Provides site for muscle attachment 3. Protection - mechanical - pathogens
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13
Q

Problems that had to be solved because of exoskeleton

A
  1. growth 2. sensory perception 3. exchange of gases (respiration)
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14
Q

Advantages of segmentation

A
  1. strength and flexibility 2. muscle attachment 3. blood pressure control
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15
Q

Tagmosis

A

fusion of body segments into regions called tagmata

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16
Q

What are the 3 tagmata of all insects?

A

head, thorax and abdomen

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17
Q

What are the five classes of arthropoda and examples of each?

A
  1. Arachnida - spiders, ticks, mites 2. Crustacea - pill bugs 3. Diplopoda - millipedes 4. Chilopoda - centipedes 5. Insecta - grasshoppers, butterflies,
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18
Q

Characteristics of Arachnida.

A
  1. cephalothorax and abdomen 2. no antennae or wings 3. 4 pairs of legs 4. 1 pair of mouthparts - chelicerae
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19
Q

Characteristics of crustacea

A
  1. Head, thorax, and abodomen or chephalothorax and abodmen 2. usually 2 pair of antennae 3. 5 or more pairs of walking legs 4. most aquatic
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20
Q

Characteristics of diplopoda

A
  1. Wingless body with head and many segmented trunk 2. 1 pair of antennae 3. trunk with 2 pair legs/segment (except 1st 3) 4. terrestrial - damp areas 5. manny species secrete foul smelling fluid for defense
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21
Q

Characteristics of chilopoda

A
  1. wingless body with head and 15-177 trunk segments 2. 1 pair antennae 3. trunk segments (except 1st and last 3) have 1 pair legs 4. 1st segment- poison legs (jaws) - ‘toxicognaths”
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22
Q

Characteristics of insecta

A
  1. Winged (usually) body 2. 1 pair of antennae 3. 3 pairs of legs 4. abdomen segments have no legs 5. highly modified mouthparts 6. variety of different habitats 7. variety of feeding habits
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23
Q

Consequences of exoskeleton.

A

must molt to grow

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24
Q

Two types of molting or growing.

A

Ecdysis and metamorphosis

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25
Q

Integument from outer layer to inner.

A

Epicuticle –> Exocuticle –> Endocutical –> Epidermis –> Basement membrane

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26
Q

Function of epidermis

A

make cuticle

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27
Q

Function of Basement membrane

A

trigger immune response

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28
Q

What is the epicuticle made of and function

A

-cement, wax, proteins - prevention of water loss

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29
Q

what is the exocuticle made of and function

A

protection chitin and proteins

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30
Q

What is the endocuticle made of

A

chitin and proteins

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31
Q

Sclerotization

A

hardening, has to do with the way the chitin binds to the proteins (exocuticle)

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32
Q

Describe the structure of chitin.

A

Chain of N-acetylglucosamine by 1-4 beta linkages

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33
Q

Describe the molting process.

A

2 steps 1. Apolysis - separation of cuticle from epidermis 2.Molting - process of digesting old cuticle, secreting new cuticle, and shedding old cuticle A procuticle is formed after apolysis that activates enzymes that digest old cuticle. New cuticle is folded first and then stretches and hardens

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34
Q

Instar

A

each developmetal stage of insects life is termed an instar

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35
Q

2 types of metamorphosis

A

Hemimetabola - imcomplete Hemometabola - complete

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36
Q

What is the advantage of complete metamorphosis over incomplete?

A

In complete the immature stages are very different from the adults and do not compete for food like the young and adults do in incomplete.

37
Q

What are two important insect hormones to remember and what are their chemical structures? What are their functions?

A

Ecdyson - molting hormone, steroid Juvenile hormone - hydrocarbon, multiple forms, maintains juvenile or larva condition

38
Q

What is special about insects’ eyes?

A

They have 2 compound eyes composed of many individual photoreceptors

39
Q

What are the four kinds of mouth parts and give example of insects with those?

A

sponging - house flies siphoning - moths piercing - sucking - mosquitos chewing - ground beetles

40
Q

What sensory functions do the antennae have?

A

touch, smell, taste, hearing, and humidity

41
Q

Primary function of the thorax?

A

locomotion

42
Q

3 parts of the thorax in order from front to back?

A

pro -, meso-, metathorax

43
Q

Where are the wings of insects located?

A

1st pair on the mesothorax and 2nd pair on the metathorax

44
Q

What are the 5 leg modifications and examples of insects with each?

A

cursorial (running) - ground beetles, cockroaches fossorial (digging) - mole cricket Raptorial (grasping) - mantids Saltatorial (jjumping) - grasshoppers natatorial (swimming) - diving beetles

45
Q

Pterygotes

A

winged insects

46
Q

Paleoptera

A

“ancient winged” - cannot fold wings, primitive

47
Q

Why is the ability to fold wings significant?

A

opens new niches and habitats

48
Q

How many segments is the abdomen?

A

9-11

49
Q

Lady Parts

A

spring-like ovipositor

50
Q

Guy parts

A

pair of claspers

51
Q

What are three major evolutionary advances of insects?

A

Tagmosis, ability to fold wings and complete metamorphosis

52
Q

Desribe the respiratory system. (look at diagrams, and be able to label)

A

system of air ducts running into and through the insect body

53
Q

Major air ducts are _______ that open to the outside via openings called _________.

A

Trachea; Spiracles

54
Q

Respiratory system function

A

intake, transport and utilization of oxygen. removal of carbon dioxide

55
Q

Functions of spiracles.

A

Discontinuous gas exchange, protection from bacteria.

56
Q

3 methods of active ventilation for respiration.

A
  1. Telescopic movement of body (abdomen) 2. Discontinuous directional air flow. 3. Primary mode is diffusion of gases across membranes movement from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
57
Q

Compositions of Hemolymph.

A
  1. Inorganic ions: chloride, potassium, phosphate, sodium, magnesium 2. Organic molecules: trehalose, glucose, diacylglycerol 3. Proteins 4. Hemocytes 5. Water
58
Q

What are different kinds of hemocytes?

A

Prohemocyte, plasmatocyte, granulocyte

59
Q

Functions of hemolymph?

A
  1. immune systems and wound healing 2. transport and storage of nutrients 3. reservoir of fluid (water), nutrition, and enzymes 4. Transport hormones 5. Hydraulic support 6. Heat distribution
60
Q

Three major sections of the digestive system.

A

foregut, midgut, hindgut

61
Q

What are the major parts of an insect that molt?

A
  1. exoskeleton 2. lining of trachea 3. foregut
62
Q

What section of the digestive system is the main site of digestion and absorption?

A

midgut

63
Q

What is the significance of the peritrophic matrix?

A

allows for reuse of digestive enzymes

64
Q

Function of hindgut.

A

resorption of water, salts and amino acids

65
Q

Malpighian tubule

A

series of tubules attached at the juncture of mid- and hindgut that free flow though blood and gather waste products (ammonia) and turn it into uric acid Recycle water and salts back to hemolymph

66
Q

Different kinds of receptors

A

Photoreceptors,mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors. Other- thermoreceptors and hygroreceptors

67
Q

Insect central nervous system

A

Dorsal brain and ventral nerve cord

68
Q

What are the 2 ways sperm can be transferred?

A

In a small capsule called a spermatophore or as ‘naked’ sperm in ejaculate

69
Q

Apterygota

A

transfer sperm externally

70
Q

Pterygotes

A

transfer sperm directly and internally to the female

71
Q

Where to females store sperm

A

spermatheca

72
Q

Mature eggs move into the ______

A

genital chamber

73
Q

What do accessory glands to in females?

A

open into the genital chamber and secrete various substances

74
Q

Micropyles

A

special channels that allow sperm to enter and fertilize eggs

75
Q

Oviparity

A

Female deposits eggs near food of young

76
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of oviparity?

A

Advantage: greater number of eggs Disadvantage: eggs have no protection, thus have low survival

77
Q

Ovoviviparity

A

female deposits newly hatches larva on or near food of the young

78
Q

Advantages and disadvantage of ovoviviparity?

A

advantage: further develope than just eggs disadvantage: fewer offspring

79
Q

Viviparity

A

female nourishes larvae or nymphs. dropped last instar larvae are ready to pupate

80
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of viviparity

A

Advantages - eliminates dangers suffered by eggs and larvae (and nymphs) Disadvantages - fewer offspring

81
Q

Other kinds of insect reproduction

A

parthenogenesis - development without fertilization aphids Polyembryony - one egg is laid in the host divides and can produce from a few to 1500 offspring some parasitic wasps

82
Q

What are three ways to increase certainty of paternity for male competition?

A
  1. Sperm precedence - 1st sperm in the spermatheca is the most successful. 2. Reduce effectiveness of subsequent matings mating plugs pheromone to decrease female receptivity guarding of females (dragonflies) 3. reduce effectiveness of earlier matings removal of sperm from spermatheca
83
Q

What are three strategies of morphological and behaviorial srategiesdefense mechanisms? An example of each strategy.

A

Strategy 1 - Avoiding detection; crypsis (camouflage), nocturnal lifestyle Strategy 2 - evading attack; mimicry, protective housing, speed and agility Strategy 3 - Surviving and attack; repugnant chemicals, stinger

84
Q

What are the physiological defense mechanisms?

A

Wound healing and immune system

85
Q

Wound healing

A

blood clotting = coagulation

86
Q

Cellular Immune Responses

A

phagocytosis - (small particles) Encapsulation - large foreign objects like stingers, hemocytes surround object and slowly cover the entire object

87
Q

Humoral Immune Responses

A

invertebrates do not have antibodies, depend on recognition of NON-SELF and disruption of epithelium and basal lamina. a) PRRs (personal recognition receptors) - recognize microbes - in hemolymph and the gut epithelium b) Antimicrobial compounds and lysosymes

88
Q

Label

A

ENTOM 305 (1 decks)

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