Exam 1 Flashcards
Compensatory Mechanism
physiologic response to homeostatic imbalance in attempt to maintain normalcy
Disease
the state in which a bodily function in no longer occurring normally. Disease range from merely causing temporary stress to causing life-changing complications.
Etiology
the cause of a disease
Exacerbation
disease state that occurs when the manifestations increase after a period of remission
Health
the absence of disease. Health can be expanded to include wellness of mind, body, and spirit. It is one’s normal state.
Homeostasis
equilibrium, balance, consistency, or stability. This self-regulating, give and take system responds to minor changes in the body through compensation mechanisms. Compensation mechanisms attempt to counteract those changes and return the body to its normal state.
Iatrogenic
caused by an unintended effect of a medical treatment
Idiopathic
unknown
Manifestation
the clinical effects or evidence of a disease. Manifestations may include both signs (what can be seen or measured) and symptoms (what the patient describes)
Morbidity
the disease rate within a group
Mortality
the death rate from a particular disease
Negative Feedback System
one of two types of feedback systems that maintains homeostasis. The most common type it works to maintain a deficit in the system. Examples are temperature and glucose regulation
Pathogenesis
the development of a disease
Pathophysiology
the study of changes when normal anatomy and physiology goes wrong
Predisposing Factor
tendency that puts an individual at risk for developing certain diseases
Prevention
strategies used to avoid the development of disease in individuals or groups
Remission
disease state that occurs when the manifestations subside
Signs
clinical manifestations that can be seen or measured
Symptoms
clinical manifestations that are described by the patient
Syndrome
a group of signs and symptoms that occur together
Stages of disease
prevention, exacerbation, remission
Levels of disease prevention
primary, secondary, tertiary
Findings are only relevant to _________
the patient’s normal
Primary disease prevention
do not have the disease and you are trying to prevent it; Ex:
vaccines
Secondary disease prevention
disease detection; Ex: screenings, annual physicals
Tertiary disease prevention
trying to prevent problems from the disease or problem; Ex: rehab, physical therapy
Cellular Adaptation
Method in which cells attempt to prevent their death from environmental changes. Cells can modify size, number, type to maintain homeostasis, they can be normal or abnormal, and the change can be permanent or reversible
*Once stimulus is removed, adaptation stops *
Atrophy
- Disuse or lack of use
- Body conserves energy
- Decrease in size and number of cells
- Decrease energy usage
ex: wheelchair users
Hypertrophy
-Increase in workload and demand
-Increase in size and/or number of organelles
-Cardiac and Skeletal cells
-Can be normal or abnormal
Ex: normal would be a bodybuilder, abnormal would be someone with an enlarged heart
Hyperplasia
-Usually a result of normal stimuli
-Increase in number of cells
-Epithelial cells
-Can be compensatory or hormonal
Ex: compensatory- when you have a wound and cells flood it to help the healing process, hormonal- buildup of the lining of the uterus
Metaplasia
Pathological change d/t chronic irritation and/or inflammation
Normal cells replaced by abnormal cells
Does not mean “cancer” but can become if stimulus not removed / stopped
Ex: ciliary changes in respiratory tract due to smoking
Dysplasia
Pathological change caused by exposure to carcinogens
Normal cells mutate into cells with abnormal shape and size
Pre-cancerous; reversible if trigger removed
Respiratory and reproductive tract
Ex: respiratory tract- smoking, reproductive tract- HPV
