Exam 1

Question 1

Compensatory Mechanism

Answer 1

physiologic response to homeostatic imbalance in attempt to maintain normalcy

Question 2

Disease

Answer 2

the state in which a bodily function in no longer occurring normally. Disease range from merely causing temporary stress to causing life-changing complications.

Question 3

Etiology

Answer 3

the cause of a disease

Question 4

Exacerbation

Answer 4

disease state that occurs when the manifestations increase after a period of remission

Question 5

Health

Answer 5

the absence of disease. Health can be expanded to include wellness of mind, body, and spirit. It is one’s normal state.

Question 6

Homeostasis

Answer 6

equilibrium, balance, consistency, or stability. This self-regulating, give and take system responds to minor changes in the body through compensation mechanisms. Compensation mechanisms attempt to counteract those changes and return the body to its normal state.

Question 7

Iatrogenic

Answer 7

caused by an unintended effect of a medical treatment

Question 8

Idiopathic

Answer 8

unknown

Question 9

Manifestation

Answer 9

the clinical effects or evidence of a disease. Manifestations may include both signs (what can be seen or measured) and symptoms (what the patient describes)

Question 10

Morbidity

Answer 10

the disease rate within a group

Question 11

Mortality

Answer 11

the death rate from a particular disease

Question 12

Negative Feedback System

Answer 12

one of two types of feedback systems that maintains homeostasis. The most common type it works to maintain a deficit in the system. Examples are temperature and glucose regulation

Question 13

Pathogenesis

Answer 13

the development of a disease

Question 14

Pathophysiology

Answer 14

the study of changes when normal anatomy and physiology goes wrong

Question 15

Predisposing Factor

Answer 15

tendency that puts an individual at risk for developing certain diseases

Question 16

Prevention

Answer 16

strategies used to avoid the development of disease in individuals or groups

Question 17

Remission

Answer 17

disease state that occurs when the manifestations subside

Question 18

Signs

Answer 18

clinical manifestations that can be seen or measured

Question 19

Symptoms

Answer 19

clinical manifestations that are described by the patient

Question 20

Syndrome

Answer 20

a group of signs and symptoms that occur together

Question 21

Stages of disease

Answer 21

prevention, exacerbation, remission

Question 22

Levels of disease prevention

Answer 22

primary, secondary, tertiary

Question 23

Findings are only relevant to _________

Answer 23

the patient’s normal

Question 24

Primary disease prevention

Answer 24

do not have the disease and you are trying to prevent it; Ex:
vaccines

Question 25

Secondary disease prevention

Answer 25

disease detection; Ex: screenings, annual physicals

Question 26

Tertiary disease prevention

Answer 26

trying to prevent problems from the disease or problem; Ex: rehab, physical therapy

Question 27

Cellular Adaptation

Answer 27

Method in which cells attempt to prevent their death from environmental changes. Cells can modify size, number, type to maintain homeostasis, they can be normal or abnormal, and the change can be permanent or reversible

*Once stimulus is removed, adaptation stops *

Question 28

Atrophy

Answer 28

• Disuse or lack of use
• Body conserves energy
• Decrease in size and number of cells
• Decrease energy usage
  ex: wheelchair users

Question 29

Hypertrophy

Answer 29

-Increase in workload and demand
-Increase in size and/or number of organelles
-Cardiac and Skeletal cells
-Can be normal or abnormal
Ex: normal would be a bodybuilder, abnormal would be someone with an enlarged heart

Question 30

Hyperplasia

Answer 30

-Usually a result of normal stimuli
-Increase in number of cells
-Epithelial cells
-Can be compensatory or hormonal
Ex: compensatory- when you have a wound and cells flood it to help the healing process, hormonal- buildup of the lining of the uterus

Question 31

Metaplasia

Answer 31

Pathological change d/t chronic irritation and/or inflammation
Normal cells replaced by abnormal cells
Does not mean “cancer” but can become if stimulus not removed / stopped
Ex: ciliary changes in respiratory tract due to smoking

Question 32

Dysplasia

Answer 32

Pathological change caused by exposure to carcinogens
Normal cells mutate into cells with abnormal shape and size
Pre-cancerous; reversible if trigger removed
Respiratory and reproductive tract
Ex: respiratory tract- smoking, reproductive tract- HPV