Exam 1 Flashcards
In structure function relationships, if a nucleus is observed to be euchromatic, it is
likely that the cell is…
Actively transcribing its DNA
The process of maintaining physiological stability in the face of changing environmental conditions is referred to as…
Homeostasis
Subdisciplines of physiology include all of the following except:
All of these are
Which of the following specializations are NOT found on the lateral surfaces of
epithelial cells?
Hemidesmosomes
In regards to the tissue layers of many internal organs, such as the stomach, a layer
of epithelia that lines the lumen is referred to as the…
Mucosa
With respect to thermoregulation, most fishes are…
Conformers
The physiological process of regulation that maintains steady state conditions is
called…
Negative feedback
Which type of connective tissue (ct) comprises tendons and ligaments?
fibrous (dense) ct
The components of physiological regulation include all of the following EXCEPT:
All of these are components of physiological regulation
Which of the following statements is true?
Homeostasis is the tendency toward relative stability in the internal
environment of an organism
In physiological terms, a set point can be defined as…
the value of a parameter, such as the concentration of sugar in the blood,
that homeostatic mechanisms aim to maintain
Prior to being used as subjects, many laboratory animals are given a period of
time to get used to the conditions in the laboratory, e.g., the light/dark cycle. The
process they undergo during this time is referred to as
acclimation
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
ovulation in females
Which of the following represents the highest or lowest level of an environmental
variable at which an animal can survive indefinitely?
Critical value
An example of an organism or group of organisms that is (are) both a metabolic
poikilotherm and a behavioral homeotherm is…
most reptiles
Connective Tissue includes all of the following EXCEPT:
Nerves
Physiology is defined as…
The study of how living organisms function. For this, it is important to understand normal conditions.
Adaptation is defined as…
gradual change over many generations
Acclimization is defined as…
change of an individual over its lifetime of biochemical/anatomical alterations
Acclimation is defined as…
Acclimization, but induced by experimentation
What is the human blood pH range?
7.35 - 7.45
The normal blood concentration range for sodium is…
135 - 145
The normal blood concentration range for calcium is…
2.1-2.8
The normal blood concentration range for potassium is…
3.5 - 5
The normal blood concentration range for chloride is…
95-105
The normal blood concentration range for pCO2 is…
35 - 45
The normal blood concentration range for HCO3- is…
22 - 26 mEq/liter
August Krough Principle states that…
For every well-defined physiological problem, there is an animal optimally
suited to yield an answer/understanding physiological phenomena is enhanced by studying model
organisms that have adapted to deal with particular physiological challenges
An enzyme functions to increase the rate of reaction by…
reducing activation energy
Protein function and activity can be modified by…
All of the above (allosteric regulators, changes in electric fields, phosphorylation and changes in pH)
A competitive inhibitor functions by…
Binding to the activation site
Which of the following bases is unique to DNA?
thymine
A molecule that has both polar and nonpolar groups is said to be:
amphipathic
Which of the following statements regarding lipid membranes is true?
Membrane lipids move laterally within their own layer
Which of the following statements regarding the fatty acid tails of phospholipids
is FALSE?
Phospholipids with unsaturated tails make the bilayer more fluid because
the tails contain fewer hydrogens and thus form fewer hydrogen
bonds with each other.
Which level of protein structure refers to the folding of the amino acid chain to
produce globular or rod-like molecules?
Tertiary structure
In terms of energetics, a substance is transported down its concentration
gradient by what kind of transport?
Passive
Which of the following bases is unique to RNA?
Uracil
Glycogen has what kind of linkages in the 1-4 position?
Alpha
What is the process called when DNA unwinds to create a copy in mRNA?
Transcription
A compound that binds to the active site of an enzyme to reduce the enzymes
activity is called a…
Competitive inhibitor
A process in which food molecules are oxidized incompletely to lactic acid is
called…
Anerobic respiration
What drives respiration?
Lower pH
Why is it not always good to just treat patients by giving them more oxygen?
You are not getting rid of the CO2. You really need to lower the pH.
What are the three classes of fats?
Lipids, phospholipids (membranes), waxes
Unsaturated fats generally…
Have a lower melting point and increased membrane fluidity
What kind of bonds would an arctic penguin want to have in its membranes?
More unsaturated bonds, because it does not need to worry about heat melting the membranes
How do lipids that are made inside the cell get out?
Flipase flips it to outside