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Kin436 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Lactate can be produced by other

A

Lactate fibers

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2
Q

Lactate is taken up by what and take. Through which system

A

Blood; circulatory

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3
Q

Lactate is taken up by what?

A

Liver

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4
Q

Lactate taken up by liver recovered into what

A

Glycogen, used as glucose, fuel for muscle contraction

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5
Q

Lactate not always a

A

Byproduct

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6
Q

Oxidative system
Aerobic or anaerobic
Burns what

A

Aerobic

Carbs and fats

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7
Q

Oxidative has two parts

A

Kc and etc

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8
Q

Oxidative
Number of compounds
Number of enzymes

A

30

27

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9
Q

Oxidative is

Fast or slow

A

Slow

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10
Q

Glucose to glycogen substrate

ATP?

A

One less ATP

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11
Q

Oxidative

Limitless or limited

A

Limitless

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12
Q

Fatigue is association with

A

Depletion of fuel (glycogen)

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13
Q

Oxidative used in which events

A

Marathons

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14
Q

Krebs
Location
Plays integral role in oxidizing ____
Generates electrons for ____

A

Mitochondria
Carbs fats protein
Etc

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15
Q

Central nervous system is the consumer of

A

Lactate

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16
Q

Atrophy and sarcopenia occur with

A

Age

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17
Q

Bp can only be managed through

A

Medication

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18
Q

The sympathetic neural stimulation inc/dec as hr and strength of contraction

A

Inc

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19
Q

Sympathetic stimulation may inc hr by #? beats per min and __%?

A

120

100

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20
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation through ____ nerve dec/inc hr

A

Vagus

Dec

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21
Q

Parasympathetic dec/inc atrial contractile force

A

Dec

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22
Q

Parasympathetic activated at rest?

A

Fully

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23
Q

Maximal vagal stimulation may dec hr by ______ beats per min

A

20-30

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24
Q

Maximal vagal stimulation may lower strength of contraction by ___%

A

30

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25
Q

Beta blockers block _____ system and block HR from going ___

A

Sympathetic

Up

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26
Q

Inc left ventricular and diastolic volume =

A

Inc SV

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27
Q

Great volume of blood returning to heart cause ventricles to stretch more and respond with more _____ contraction

A

Forceful

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28
Q

Heart gets bigger bc of

A

After pressure

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29
Q

Muscle mass goes up bc of

A

After pressure

Wall tension

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30
Q

Endurance training is stimulus for

A

Hypervolemia?

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31
Q

Plasma volume is affected by

A

Body Temperature

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32
Q

Resistance trained athletes have
Donated
Walls

A

Normal

Thicker

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33
Q

During prolonged training, adapts to workload on _____ ventricle

A

Left

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34
Q

Heart adapts to workload and maintains contract relationship between ______ cavity pressure and ratios of wall thickness to ventricular _____

A

Systolic

Radius

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35
Q

Rate coding inc/dec rate of firing of m neuron

A

Inc

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36
Q

Simple twitch to

A

Summation

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37
Q

Summation to

A

Tetanus

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38
Q

Third trimester is when

A

80 percent muscle inner aged

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39
Q

Specific muscles may be

A

Trainable

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40
Q

Absolute strength

Unit of cross sectional area

A

Males stronger

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41
Q

Women need ____ body strength around _____ capsule

A

Lower

Joint

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42
Q

Thick mapfibrils have

A

Myosin actin troponin tropomyosin

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43
Q

Myofibril consists of

A

Protein

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44
Q

Atrophy
Speed
Related to

A

Occurs fact

Activity related

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45
Q

Hyperplasia
In humans?
What happens to fibers?

A

No

Split fibers

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46
Q 
Sarcopenia
Related?
Decline in what?
Avoidable?
What can be given?
Happens faster in?
A 
Age
Protein
No
Growth hormone
Males
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47
Q

60 percent inc in untrainable limb when doing unilateral exercise

A

False
But does send some motor signal to spinal cord, it splits off, goes to other side, crosses over electrical signal, but not as high %

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48
Q

Bilateral deficit is

A

Inhibitory

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49
Q

Bilateral deficit states

A

If train one leg at a time, and get values of both, the two combined are generating more force than comparing to two legs performing same exercise

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50
Q

Resistance training inc ___

A

Protein synthesis

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51
Q

During exercise
Synthesis
Degradation

A

Dec

Dec

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52
Q

After exercise
Synthetis
Degradation

A

Inc

Dec

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53
Q

Testosterone facilitates fiber

A

Hypertrophy

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54
Q

Protein synthesis
Transcription
Dna tea forming to rna translation
Taking place in

A

Nucleus

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55
Q

Translation allows

A

To make for protein

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56
Q

More nuclei means

A

Greater cross sectional area

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57
Q

Number of reps to imitate the process of stimulation protein synthesis

A

No magic number

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58
Q

For Hypertrophy

Reps

A

6-8

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59
Q

Need ____ hours for optimal enhancement if you want to optimize transcription translation process

A

48

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60
Q

Nervous system adaptations
How long to kick in?
Which type of program?

A

With 3 weeks of initiating resistance program

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61
Q

Early strength gains are

A

Neural

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62
Q

Protein synthesis starts

A

First work out

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63
Q

Hypertrophy not noticeable until

A

4-6 weeks

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64
Q

Metabolic adaptations have ____ impact on energy system

A

No

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65
Q

How many adaptations in metabolic system

A

None

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66
Q

How many adaptations in endocrine system

A

None

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67
Q

Lactate and pyruvate go into

A

Mitochondria

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68
Q

Erythropoietin is a

A

Steroid

Hormone

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69
Q

Product of ____ and _____ is the amount of mood pumped by heart in 1 minute

A

Heart rate

Stroke volume

70
Q

Total amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle per minute at rest

A

5 liters, wrong

71
Q

At rest not 5 liters because

A

Most consuming .3-.4 liters per minute of o2 at rest regardless of sex, fitness level

72
Q

Cardiac output at rest is

A

2.4 l/min (6x.4)

73
Q

Training doesn’t change

A

Max hr

74
Q

Does max heart rate change with training

A

No

75
Q

Detraining plasma volume rates

A

As fast as goes up, goes down

76
Q

Morphological changes occur in

A

Muscle mass and diameter

77
Q

Stoke volume plateaus at 60 percent hr

A

Continues to increase

78
Q

Ducks equation

A

Hrxsvxavo2

79
Q

What is critical in determining the individuals aerobic capacity

A

Body’s ability to extract oxygen from the blood and total blood volume available

80
Q

Primary factor determining aerobic capacity

A

Q

81
Q

Bp equation

A

Bp=q x pr

82
Q

Training environment youll compete in is ____ for training

A

Ideal

83
Q

Sedentary at rest
Q
Hr
Sv

A

5
70
71

84
Q

Trained at rest
Q
Hr
SV

A

5
50
100

85
Q

Diastolic during exercise

A

Remains the same

86
Q 
During exercise
Systolic 
Graph
Diameter changes?
Vasodilation?
Why happens to Q?
A 
Increases linearly with intensity of exercise 
Until the max is reached
Not dramatically changing in diameter
Some vasodilation
Not enough for Q inc
87
Q

Systolic and diastolic Bp _____ when exercise performing with only legs than when with upper body
Why?

A

Higher

Vasculature network proportional to muscle size recruited

88
Q

Exercise in heat

Cardiovascular

A 
Reduction in stroke volume
Lower plasma volume 
Same Q
Dec venous return
This goes to periphery for cooling, to skin
89
Q

Within 12 days of doing nothing ____ percent reduction in ____. This is due to ____

A

25
Vo2 max
Plasma volume

90
Q

Oxygen extraction from arterial blood during exercise is inc/dec

A

Inc

91
Q

Hr SV avo2

Untrained

A

200 110 15

92
Q

Hr SV avo2(ml of oxygen/100ml of blood)

Trained

A

200 200 15

93
Q

Inc aldosterone causes inc blood volume causes in SV causes in Q causes

A

Reduction in kidney blood flow

94
Q

Altitude stimulated

A

Red blood cell growth

95
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Not in humans
Muscle splits
On rats

96
Q

Three energy systems? Why do we have it?

A

Each muscle type is efficient for particular activity. It is more efficient for muscle recruitment to recruit a specific type. Ex: marathon runner

97
Q

Type of training for oxidative system

A

Internal

98
Q

If training is specific to sports, then training focuses on

A

Same metabolic energy pathways used in sport or activity

99
Q

Training of energy involves manipulation of

A

Intensity and duration of activity

100
Q

aerobic training does not ______ fat

A

Oxidize

101
Q

What lactate threshold percentage do aerobic athletes self select

A

1-2%

102
Q

What is the lactate threshold for elite endurance athletes?

A

88-92% vo2 Max

103
Q

What limits production for metabolic pathways

A

Fuel inability and metabolic byproducts

104
Q

Where does pyruvate go?

A

Lactate, which causes fatigue

105
Q

What’s the difference between fast and slow glycolysis

A

Fast is cho to pyruvate to lactic acid

Slow is cho to pyruvate to acetylcoa

106
Q

How fast does glycolysis get turned on

A

5 sec

107
Q

What enzyme breaks glycogen off the chain

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

108
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose to g6p

A

Hexokinase

109
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase

110
Q

What activates glycogen phosphorylase

A

Calcium

111
Q

Describe phosphocreatine

A 
Fast
High rates
Short bursts of energy
Very little stored in muscle
Creates ATP anaerobically
112
Q

Rate of pcr replenishment

A

80 percent within first minute

Rest within next 5

113
Q

Red meat is

A

Creatine

114
Q

Pcr has ___ chemical reaction

A

1, Creatine kinase

115
Q

Where does myosin atpase happen

A

Cross bridge formation

116
Q

ATP is made of

A

Myokinase + 2adp

117
Q

What is important for Hypertrophy

A

Time spent under tension

118
Q

Rate limiting enzyme for Krebs cycle

A

Isocitrateddehydrogenase

119
Q

Rate limiting enzyme for etc

A

Cytochromeoxidase

120
Q

Increased levels of adp cause

A

Stimulation of Creatine kinase reaction

121
Q

Decreased levels of adp

A

Adp not being used as much

Walking is example

122
Q

Accumulation of adp is from

A

ATP being used, energy is used for kc or etc or glycolysis

123
Q

Glycolysis supports activities of

A

1-7 mins

124
Q

What limits performance

A

Build up of metabolic byproducts (glycolysis)

Depletion of pcr or of substrate (in pcr system)

125
Q

What goes in and out of sarcoplasm to mitochondria

A

Lactate and pyruvate

126
Q

What is used as a cell to cell muscle transporter

A

Lactate

127
Q

Lactate can be used as

A

Waste product or as fuel by active muscle fibers

128
Q

Glycolysis has

A

18 steps

129
Q

Oxidative system has

A

124 chemical reactions

130
Q

Oxidative system has two parts

A

Krebs (no oxygen used)

Etc (oxygen used in last step)

131
Q

Oxidative system does what?

A

Oxidizes cho and fat

132
Q

1 nadh

A

3 ATP

133
Q

1 fadh2

A

2 ATP

134
Q

One turn of kc makes

A

1 ATP directly

135
Q

Krebs does what?

A

Makes electron carriers (nadh and fadh2) then carried to etc

136
Q

Krebs located in

A

Mitochondria

137
Q

Three fates of cho

A

Stored as glycogen
Converted to pyruvate
Enters kc and etc to be oxidized

138
Q

What do trained have compared to untrained

A

More mitochondrial density

139
Q

What is a better performance predictor in homogeneous group of athletes

A

Lactate threshold

140
Q

You can replenish pcr faster by

A

Increasing mitochondrial density

141
Q

Max heart rate related to

A

Activity level

142
Q

Sedentary individuals lose

A

10bmp per decade after 30

143
Q

Active individual lose

A

5bmp per decade after 30

144
Q

Hearty rate is linear to

A

Exercise intensity

145
Q

What regulates heart rate

A

Rest 0-100 pns gradual withdrawal

101-Max sns

146
Q

Tachycardia is

A

Fast hr

147
Q

Brachycardia is

A

Slow hr

148
Q

Resistance trained athletes have

A

Normal diameter

Thicker walls of heart

149
Q

At rest blood flows to

A

Splanchnic regions and veins

150
Q

During exercise blood flows to

A

75 percent to active muscles

151
Q

What stimulates red blood cell production

A

Reduction in kidney blood flow causes
Erythropoietin causes
Aldosterone cause
Increase in red blood cell production

152
Q

What increases plasma volume

A

Aldosterone cause
retention of water in kidney causes
Plasma volume to go up

153
Q

Detaining is

A

Reduction of kidney blood slow causes

25% decrease in blood volume with 10 days

154
Q

As body temperature increases

A

Blood volume increases

155
Q

Q is

A

Hr x SV

Amount of blood pumped in one minute

156
Q

Blood volume ranged from

A

300-400ml

.3-.4l

157
Q

Aerobic training increases

A

Bv hr and SV inc

Q doesn’t change

158
Q

Vo2 equations

Most important component

A

CO

159
Q

Detraining

A

Increase in blood volume biggest adaptation

Increased lvedd and increased muscle mass last longer (morph change)

160
Q

Detraining vs those who never trained

A

Over 3 months
Oxidative capacity declined by 25 percent
Capillary density retained
Myoglobin concentration retained

Compare de trained to those who never trained

Oxygen capacity still 50 percent higher

Shows years of training are a factor

161
Q

.5 l/min vo2 =

A

2.5 l/min Q

162
Q

Q inc because

A

Inc bv which causes
Inc SV

SV is the primary drive to increase it

163
Q

To keep q constant

A

Hr dec, SV inc

164
Q

Systolic Bp inc during aerobic exercise

A

Bp = q x pr
Inc q, dec pr
As q inc, trying to force more fluid per minute to a smaller diameter

165
Q

Q overtakes dilation of the vasculature network

A

Dbp stays the same

166
Q

Why do dbp and sbp increase with arms

A

Size of muscle and vascular ire network are proportional, smaller vascular ire network, higher resistance to flow with arms

167
Q

Dehydration is from exercising in

A

Heat
SV dec due to loss of plasma volume
Hr increases as a compensatory mechanism
This is to maintain q

168
Q

Trading at altitude

A

Does not in fade performance at sea level because the intensity is lower
Does increase performance at altitude

169
Q

Muscle fibers

A

Cannot be changed. Inner action set by genetics. Can change in lab. Can’t change by exercise.
they are trainable by inc oxidative capacity

170
Q

Anabolic hormone and putting load facilitates

A

More growth resulting in muscle Hypertrophy

Kin436 (2 decks)

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