Exam 1 Flashcards
Lactate can be produced by other
Lactate fibers
Lactate is taken up by what and take. Through which system
Blood; circulatory
Lactate is taken up by what?
Liver
Lactate taken up by liver recovered into what
Glycogen, used as glucose, fuel for muscle contraction
Lactate not always a
Byproduct
Oxidative system
Aerobic or anaerobic
Burns what
Aerobic
Carbs and fats
Oxidative has two parts
Kc and etc
Oxidative
Number of compounds
Number of enzymes
30
27
Oxidative is
Fast or slow
Slow
Glucose to glycogen substrate
ATP?
One less ATP
Oxidative
Limitless or limited
Limitless
Fatigue is association with
Depletion of fuel (glycogen)
Oxidative used in which events
Marathons
Krebs
Location
Plays integral role in oxidizing ____
Generates electrons for ____
Mitochondria
Carbs fats protein
Etc
Central nervous system is the consumer of
Lactate
Atrophy and sarcopenia occur with
Age
Bp can only be managed through
Medication
The sympathetic neural stimulation inc/dec as hr and strength of contraction
Inc
Sympathetic stimulation may inc hr by #? beats per min and __%?
120
100
Parasympathetic stimulation through ____ nerve dec/inc hr
Vagus
Dec
Parasympathetic dec/inc atrial contractile force
Dec
Parasympathetic activated at rest?
Fully
Maximal vagal stimulation may dec hr by ______ beats per min
20-30
Maximal vagal stimulation may lower strength of contraction by ___%
30
Beta blockers block _____ system and block HR from going ___
Sympathetic
Up
Inc left ventricular and diastolic volume =
Inc SV
Great volume of blood returning to heart cause ventricles to stretch more and respond with more _____ contraction
Forceful
Heart gets bigger bc of
After pressure
Muscle mass goes up bc of
After pressure
Wall tension
Endurance training is stimulus for
Hypervolemia?
Plasma volume is affected by
Body Temperature
Resistance trained athletes have
Donated
Walls
Normal
Thicker
During prolonged training, adapts to workload on _____ ventricle
Left
Heart adapts to workload and maintains contract relationship between ______ cavity pressure and ratios of wall thickness to ventricular _____
Systolic
Radius
Rate coding inc/dec rate of firing of m neuron
Inc
Simple twitch to
Summation
Summation to
Tetanus
Third trimester is when
80 percent muscle inner aged
Specific muscles may be
Trainable
Absolute strength
Unit of cross sectional area
Males stronger
Women need ____ body strength around _____ capsule
Lower
Joint
Thick mapfibrils have
Myosin actin troponin tropomyosin
Myofibril consists of
Protein
Atrophy
Speed
Related to
Occurs fact
Activity related
Hyperplasia
In humans?
What happens to fibers?
No
Split fibers
Sarcopenia Related? Decline in what? Avoidable? What can be given? Happens faster in?
Age Protein No Growth hormone Males
60 percent inc in untrainable limb when doing unilateral exercise
False
But does send some motor signal to spinal cord, it splits off, goes to other side, crosses over electrical signal, but not as high %
Bilateral deficit is
Inhibitory
Bilateral deficit states
If train one leg at a time, and get values of both, the two combined are generating more force than comparing to two legs performing same exercise
Resistance training inc ___
Protein synthesis
During exercise
Synthesis
Degradation
Dec
Dec
After exercise
Synthetis
Degradation
Inc
Dec
Testosterone facilitates fiber
Hypertrophy
Protein synthesis
Transcription
Dna tea forming to rna translation
Taking place in
Nucleus
Translation allows
To make for protein
More nuclei means
Greater cross sectional area
Number of reps to imitate the process of stimulation protein synthesis
No magic number
For Hypertrophy
Reps
6-8
Need ____ hours for optimal enhancement if you want to optimize transcription translation process
48
Nervous system adaptations
How long to kick in?
Which type of program?
With 3 weeks of initiating resistance program
Early strength gains are
Neural
Protein synthesis starts
First work out
Hypertrophy not noticeable until
4-6 weeks
Metabolic adaptations have ____ impact on energy system
No
How many adaptations in metabolic system
None
How many adaptations in endocrine system
None
Lactate and pyruvate go into
Mitochondria
Erythropoietin is a
Steroid
Hormone
Product of ____ and _____ is the amount of mood pumped by heart in 1 minute
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Total amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle per minute at rest
5 liters, wrong
At rest not 5 liters because
Most consuming .3-.4 liters per minute of o2 at rest regardless of sex, fitness level
Cardiac output at rest is
2.4 l/min (6x.4)
Training doesn’t change
Max hr
Does max heart rate change with training
No
Detraining plasma volume rates
As fast as goes up, goes down
Morphological changes occur in
Muscle mass and diameter
Stoke volume plateaus at 60 percent hr
Continues to increase
Ducks equation
Hrxsvxavo2
What is critical in determining the individuals aerobic capacity
Body’s ability to extract oxygen from the blood and total blood volume available
Primary factor determining aerobic capacity
Q
Bp equation
Bp=q x pr
Training environment youll compete in is ____ for training
Ideal
Sedentary at rest
Q
Hr
Sv
5
70
71
Trained at rest
Q
Hr
SV
5
50
100
Diastolic during exercise
Remains the same
During exercise Systolic Graph Diameter changes? Vasodilation? Why happens to Q?
Increases linearly with intensity of exercise Until the max is reached Not dramatically changing in diameter Some vasodilation Not enough for Q inc
Systolic and diastolic Bp _____ when exercise performing with only legs than when with upper body
Why?
Higher
Vasculature network proportional to muscle size recruited
Exercise in heat
Cardiovascular
Reduction in stroke volume Lower plasma volume Same Q Dec venous return This goes to periphery for cooling, to skin
Within 12 days of doing nothing ____ percent reduction in ____. This is due to ____
25
Vo2 max
Plasma volume
Oxygen extraction from arterial blood during exercise is inc/dec
Inc
Hr SV avo2
Untrained
200 110 15
Hr SV avo2(ml of oxygen/100ml of blood)
Trained
200 200 15
Inc aldosterone causes inc blood volume causes in SV causes in Q causes
Reduction in kidney blood flow
Altitude stimulated
Red blood cell growth
Hyperplasia
Not in humans
Muscle splits
On rats
Three energy systems? Why do we have it?
Each muscle type is efficient for particular activity. It is more efficient for muscle recruitment to recruit a specific type. Ex: marathon runner
Type of training for oxidative system
Internal
If training is specific to sports, then training focuses on
Same metabolic energy pathways used in sport or activity
Training of energy involves manipulation of
Intensity and duration of activity
aerobic training does not ______ fat
Oxidize
What lactate threshold percentage do aerobic athletes self select
1-2%
What is the lactate threshold for elite endurance athletes?
88-92% vo2 Max
What limits production for metabolic pathways
Fuel inability and metabolic byproducts
Where does pyruvate go?
Lactate, which causes fatigue
What’s the difference between fast and slow glycolysis
Fast is cho to pyruvate to lactic acid
Slow is cho to pyruvate to acetylcoa
How fast does glycolysis get turned on
5 sec
What enzyme breaks glycogen off the chain
Glycogen phosphorylase
Enzyme that converts glucose to g6p
Hexokinase
Rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
What activates glycogen phosphorylase
Calcium
Describe phosphocreatine
Fast High rates Short bursts of energy Very little stored in muscle Creates ATP anaerobically
Rate of pcr replenishment
80 percent within first minute
Rest within next 5
Red meat is
Creatine
Pcr has ___ chemical reaction
1, Creatine kinase
Where does myosin atpase happen
Cross bridge formation
ATP is made of
Myokinase + 2adp
What is important for Hypertrophy
Time spent under tension
Rate limiting enzyme for Krebs cycle
Isocitrateddehydrogenase
Rate limiting enzyme for etc
Cytochromeoxidase
Increased levels of adp cause
Stimulation of Creatine kinase reaction
Decreased levels of adp
Adp not being used as much
Walking is example
Accumulation of adp is from
ATP being used, energy is used for kc or etc or glycolysis
Glycolysis supports activities of
1-7 mins
What limits performance
Build up of metabolic byproducts (glycolysis)
Depletion of pcr or of substrate (in pcr system)
What goes in and out of sarcoplasm to mitochondria
Lactate and pyruvate
What is used as a cell to cell muscle transporter
Lactate
Lactate can be used as
Waste product or as fuel by active muscle fibers
Glycolysis has
18 steps
Oxidative system has
124 chemical reactions
Oxidative system has two parts
Krebs (no oxygen used)
Etc (oxygen used in last step)
Oxidative system does what?
Oxidizes cho and fat
1 nadh
3 ATP
1 fadh2
2 ATP
One turn of kc makes
1 ATP directly
Krebs does what?
Makes electron carriers (nadh and fadh2) then carried to etc
Krebs located in
Mitochondria
Three fates of cho
Stored as glycogen
Converted to pyruvate
Enters kc and etc to be oxidized
What do trained have compared to untrained
More mitochondrial density
What is a better performance predictor in homogeneous group of athletes
Lactate threshold
You can replenish pcr faster by
Increasing mitochondrial density
Max heart rate related to
Activity level
Sedentary individuals lose
10bmp per decade after 30
Active individual lose
5bmp per decade after 30
Hearty rate is linear to
Exercise intensity
What regulates heart rate
Rest 0-100 pns gradual withdrawal
101-Max sns
Tachycardia is
Fast hr
Brachycardia is
Slow hr
Resistance trained athletes have
Normal diameter
Thicker walls of heart
At rest blood flows to
Splanchnic regions and veins
During exercise blood flows to
75 percent to active muscles
What stimulates red blood cell production
Reduction in kidney blood flow causes
Erythropoietin causes
Aldosterone cause
Increase in red blood cell production
What increases plasma volume
Aldosterone cause
retention of water in kidney causes
Plasma volume to go up
Detaining is
Reduction of kidney blood slow causes
25% decrease in blood volume with 10 days
As body temperature increases
Blood volume increases
Q is
Hr x SV
Amount of blood pumped in one minute
Blood volume ranged from
300-400ml
.3-.4l
Aerobic training increases
Bv hr and SV inc
Q doesn’t change
Vo2 equations
Most important component
CO
Detraining
Increase in blood volume biggest adaptation
Increased lvedd and increased muscle mass last longer (morph change)
Detraining vs those who never trained
Over 3 months
Oxidative capacity declined by 25 percent
Capillary density retained
Myoglobin concentration retained
Compare de trained to those who never trained
Oxygen capacity still 50 percent higher
Shows years of training are a factor
.5 l/min vo2 =
2.5 l/min Q
Q inc because
Inc bv which causes
Inc SV
SV is the primary drive to increase it
To keep q constant
Hr dec, SV inc
Systolic Bp inc during aerobic exercise
Bp = q x pr
Inc q, dec pr
As q inc, trying to force more fluid per minute to a smaller diameter
Q overtakes dilation of the vasculature network
Dbp stays the same
Why do dbp and sbp increase with arms
Size of muscle and vascular ire network are proportional, smaller vascular ire network, higher resistance to flow with arms
Dehydration is from exercising in
Heat
SV dec due to loss of plasma volume
Hr increases as a compensatory mechanism
This is to maintain q
Trading at altitude
Does not in fade performance at sea level because the intensity is lower
Does increase performance at altitude
Muscle fibers
Cannot be changed. Inner action set by genetics. Can change in lab. Can’t change by exercise.
they are trainable by inc oxidative capacity
Anabolic hormone and putting load facilitates
More growth resulting in muscle Hypertrophy
